EE 343
TRANSMISSIO
N LINES,
WAVEGUIDES
LEC 06
Asst Prof Dr Maryam
Rasool (FALL 24)
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
• Two sets of parallel plates. One set is in YZ
plane with a distance ‘a’ between them on
x-axis. The other set is in XZ plane with a
distance ‘b’ between them on y-axis.
• Direction of propagation of wave is positive
z axis.
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
• Longitudinal Fields, and
• Computed through wave equations
The field here will vary in all three directions
so is a function of and .
If we replace put this value of in above
equation, we will get a differential equation,
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
Dividing by
or
Negative sign is taken to ensure propagation
conditions are fulfilled and evanescent fields
(attenuating fields) are absent.
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
Now we get simple second order differential
equations that can be solved;
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
Now we get simple second order differential
equations that can be solved;
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
Now we get simple second order differential
equations that can be solved;
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
Put values of ,Y and Z
𝐸 𝑧 =¿
For our case =0 as propagation is in positive z-
direction.
𝐸 𝑧 =¿
Or the equation can be written as;
𝐸 𝑧 =¿
Similarly
𝐻 =¿
𝑧
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
For transverse fields the equations remain
same as discussed previously,
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
But for rectangular waveguide,
MODES OF PROPAGATION IN
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
TEM MODE
• Transverse Electric and Magnetic Mode –
fields transverse to the direction of
propagation
• Consequently, , , all will become zero and
will vanish
• Rectangular Waveguide doesn’t support TEM
Mode
TM MODE
• Transverse Magnetic Mode – transverse to the
direction of propagation
• General Solution;
• Boundary Conditions – tangential components of
Electric Field must be zero at the conducting
boundary – now we have four conducting
boundaries or plates at x=0 (), x=a (), y=0 () and
y=b (). Focus shifts towards .(Partial derivates –
independent variables)
TM MODE
• Apply boundary conditions, put and x
TM MODE
• Apply boundary conditions, put and y
Now put values of and in the equation of
TM MODE
Next boundary condition, and a
TM MODE
Next boundary condition, and
TM MODE
Put values of and in
PROPAGATING AND NON-
PROPAGATING TM MODES IN
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
TM MODE
• So far, we have for TM Mode,
and
• Driving other field components using
these equations, we get
TM MODE
NON-PROPAGATING TM
MODES
• Now if we put and/or we see that
,,,,,
• Same as TEM Mode
• Hence TM00, TMm0, TM0n Mode are all non-
propagating modes
• For propagating TM modes to exist ,
• Examples of propagating modes will be
TM11, TM21, etc
PROPAGATING TM MODES
• m = no. of half wave variations in x direction
• n = no. of half wave variations in y direction
PROPAGATING TM MODES
• Count – 0 – maxima – 0 or maxima – 0 –
maxima
TE MODE
• Transverse Electric Mode – transverse to the
direction of propagation
• General Solution;
• Boundary Conditions – tangential
components of Electric Field must be zero at
the conducting boundary – now we have
four conducting boundaries or plates at x=0
(), x=a (), y=0 () and y=b ().
TE MODE
• Apply boundary conditions, put and x
TE MODE
TE MODE
• Apply boundary conditions, put and
TE MODE
TE MODE
Put and in the expression of
Now we apply the remaining two boundary conditions
Put and x
TE MODE
=0
TE MODE
• Finally put and
TE MODE
PROPAGATING AND NON-
PROPAGATING TE MODES IN
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
TE MODE
• So far, we have for TE Mode,
and
• Driving other field components using
these equations, we get
TE MODE
NON-PROPAGATING TE
MODES
• Now if we put and we see that
,,,,,
• Hence TE00 is a non-propagating mode
• Propagating TE modes:
• TE0n
• TEm0
• TEmn
• Examples of propagating modes will be TE01,
TE10, etc
PROPAGATING TE MODES
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY OF
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY
Case 1: Evanescent Fields (>0)
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY
(
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY
Case 2: Propagating Fields (0)
(
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY
Case 3: Cut-off Frequency (0)
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY
(
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY
(for air filled waveguide)
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY -
EXAMPLE
Rectangular Waveguide, a=2.5 cm, b=1 cm, then cut-off
frequencies for different modes are shown below,
Fundamental Modes: for TE (TE10) for TM (TM11)
Degenerate Modes: TM11 & TE11, TM21 & TE21, TM31 &
TE31, TM41 & TE41 etc
PHASE CONSTANT
PHASE CONSTANT
INTRINSIC IMPEDANCE
Intrinsic Impedance:
INTRINSIC IMPEDANCE
For air filled waveguide (Intrinsic impedance
of free space)
PHASE VELOCITY
GROUP VELOCITY
.
GROUP VELOCITY
GROUP VELOCITY
GROUP VELOCITY
We also observe that
Different frequency components will take different
time to reach destination. This effect is termed
dispersion. Wave dispersion is not a desirable effect.
EXAMPLE
For an air-filled rectangular waveguide WR430, (i)
Find the cutoff frequency for and modes. (ii) If
the given waveguide is filled with a dielectric
having then find the cut-off frequency for and
modes.
WR430 Dimensions:
EXAMPLE
(i) Find the cutoff frequency for and modes.
Mode:
EXAMPLE
(i) Find the cutoff frequency for and modes.
Mode:
EXAMPLE
(ii) If the given waveguide is filled with a
dielectric having then find the cut-off frequency
for and modes.
Mode:
EXAMPLE
(ii) If the given waveguide is filled with a
dielectric having then find the cut-off frequency
for and modes.
Mode:
