FOURIER

TRANSFORMATIO
N
Presented by Suhani Jain
 INTRODUCTION
• The Fourier Transform (FT) is a mathematical tool that transforms a
function or signal from the time domain to the frequency domain. In
simpler terms, it decomposes complex signals into their constituent
frequencies, enabling the analysis of these signals in terms of their
frequency components.
• The general formula for the Fourier Transform of a continuous signal
f(t) is:
 INTRODUCTION
• Inverse Fourier Transform (to convert back to the time domain):
 AMPLITUDE AND
PHASE
• In the context of the Fourier Transform, the signal in the frequency domain is
represented as a complex function. This complex-valued function can be
expressed in terms of amplitude and phase, which are crucial for
understanding the signal's behavior in the frequency domain
• For a given Fourier Transform of a signal F(ω), where ω is the angular
frequency, the result is a complex number at each frequency. This complex
number can be written as:
AMPLITUDE A(ω) PHASE ϕ(ω)
Represents the magnitude of the Indicates the timing or shift of the
frequency component at a given frequency component relative to
frequency. It tells how much of a the original signal. It tells how the
particular frequency is present in sinusoidal components of different
the original signal. frequencies are shifted in time.
In seismic data, larger amplitudes In seismic analysis, it can indicate
correspond to stronger seismic different types of geological
waves at particular frequencies structures or affecting the seismic
F(ω)=X(ω)+iY(ω) wave.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE

It looks like the phase is more important than the magnitude for
reconstructing the original image. The importance of phase is critical for
many engineering applications, such as signal analysis. It is also relevant for
image compression technologies.
EXAMPLE-FILTERING
One thing we can do with the Fourier
transform of an image is remove some
components. If we remove low
frequencies, less than some ωf say, we
call it a high-pass filter. A lot of
background noise is at low frequencies,
so a high-pass filter can clean up a
signal. If we throw out the high
frequencies, it is called a low-pass filter.
A low pass filter can be used to smooth
data (such as a digital photo) since it
throws out high frequency noise. A filter
that cuts out both high and low
frequencies is called a band-pass filter.
 FILTERING IN GEOPHYSICS USING FOURIER
TRANSFORM
• Filtering is a common technique in geophysics to isolate specific components
of a signal, such as seismic data, by manipulating its frequency content. The
Fourier Transform (FT) plays a key role in filtering by transforming time-domain
signals into the frequency domain, where unwanted frequencies can be
suppressed or enhanced before transforming the signal back to the time
domain.
• Basic Concept of Filtering
• Raw seismic data often contains a mixture of useful signals (e.g., reflections
from subsurface layers) and unwanted noise (e.g., ambient ground vibrations,
instrumental noise).
• By applying the Fourier Transform, we can break down these signals into their
frequency components and selectively modify or remove certain frequency
ranges, known as filtering.
• This process improves the quality of the seismic data, making it easier to
 FILTERING IN GEOPHYSICS USING FOURIER
TRANSFORM
• Filtering Workflow in Seismic Data Processing
• Transform to Frequency Domain:
• Using the Fourier Transform, seismic data is transformed from the time domain
(where it's a function of time) to the frequency domain (where it's a function of
frequency).
• Apply the Filter:
• The desired filter (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, etc.) is applied to modify the
frequency spectrum. This is done by either attenuating or amplifying specific
frequencies based on the geological target and noise characteristics.
• Inverse Fourier Transform:
• After filtering, the Inverse Fourier Transform (IFT) is used to convert the filtered
data back into the time domain. This provides a cleaned-up version of the
original signal, now free of unwanted frequencies.
 SHORT TERM FOURIER
TRANSFORM
• Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is a method for analyzing non-stationary signals by
providing both time and frequency information. It divides the signal into short overlapping
segments (using a window function) and applies the Fourier Transform to each segment.
 APPLICATIONS OF
STFT
• Seismic Signal Analysis: STFT is used to track how seismic waves’
frequency content evolves during an earthquake. It helps detect different
wave types (P-waves, S-waves, surface waves) and transient events like
aftershocks.
• Subsurface Imaging: In geophysical surveys, STFT helps analyze
frequency changes in seismic reflection data, revealing subsurface layers
and structures.
• Tsunami Detection: Real-time STFT is used to monitor ocean floor seismic
activity. It helps detect sudden frequency shifts that may indicate
earthquakes or undersea landslides, providing early tsunami warnings.
OUTPUT
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Fourier Transform is a powerful mathematical tool that
transforms signals from the time domain into the frequency domain,
allowing us to analyze complex waveforms by breaking them down into
simpler sinusoidal components. Its ability to reveal the frequency content
of signals makes it invaluable across a wide range of fields, including
seismology and earth sciences, where it helps in the analysis of seismic
waves, subsurface imaging, and earthquake detection.
Thank You