UTIL

MODULE 0 1 313
Pa r t 1
BUILDING UTILITIES - ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

AR. MARISSE G. ROMERO,

UAP
 INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM
WHAT IS
ELECTRICITY ?
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY ?

Electricity is the flow of electrical power

or charge. Electricity is both a basic part
of nature and one of the most widely
used forms of energy.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ELECTRICITY is a property of the basic particles
of matter which like an atom consist of
• Electron
• Proton
• Neutron
DEFINITION OF TERMS

ELECTRON : is the negatively charged particle

of an atom sometimes referred to as the
negative charge of electricity.
PROTON : is the positively charged particle on
an Atom which is sometimes referred to as the
positive charge of electricity that weighs about
1850 times as much as Electron
NEUTRON : is the particle of an Atom which is
not electrically charged and weigs slightly
more that the proton
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Ion is an any atom or group of atoms that

bears one or more positive or negative
electrical charges. Positively charged ions are
called cations; negatively charged ions,
anions.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Volt or Voltage is the pressure

from an electrical circuit's
power source that pushes
charged electrons (current)
through a conducting loop,
enabling them to do work
such as illuminating a light.
The term is named after
Alessandro Volta.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Ampere, often shortened

to Amp, is the unit of
measurement for
electrical current. It shows
the flow of electrons
through a conductor or
circuit. The term is named
after Andre M. Ampere.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Resistance is a measure
of how much an object
opposes the flow of
electric current through
it.

Resistance (R) quantifies

the opposition that a
material or component
presents to the flow of
electric current. It is
measured in ohms (Ω).
DEFINITION OF TERMS
WATT - Is the rate or
measure of power used or
consumed. It represents the
equivalent heat volts and
ampere consumed by lights,
appliances or motors. A term
commonly labeled on light
bulbs or appliances, giving us
an idea of what kind of circuit
would be installed. The term
is named after James Watt a
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Circuit - refers to
the wire
installations that
supply current to
light and
convenient outlets.
ELECTRIC CURRENT

Electric current is the flow of electric charge

through a conductor, such as a wire, due to the
movement of electrons. It’s a fundamental
concept in electricity and is responsible for
powering all electrical devices.
ELECTRIC CURRENT
ELECTRIC CURRENT IS CLASSIFIED AS:
1.Direct Current (DC)
2.Alternating Current (AC)
DIRECT CURRENT
The DC electricity, flows in one
direction. The flow is said to be
from negative to positive. The
normal source of a DC electricity,
is the dry cell or storage battery.
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
• Flows in one direction
• Uniform in strength
• Battery/dry cell
ALTERNATING CURRENT
The AC electricity constantly reverse
its direction flow. It is generated by
machine called generator. This type of
current is universally accepted
because of its unlimited number of
applications with the flow advantage.
1.It is easily produced.
2.It is cheaper to maintain.
3.It could be transformed into higher
voltage
4.It could be distribution to far
distance with low voltage drop.
5.It is more efficient compared with
direct current
OHMS LAW
In 1926, George Simon Ohm, a German scientis, discovered the the relation between
the Current, Voltage and Resistance now referred to as the Ohms Law which states that:
“The higher the voltage, the larger the current, and the higher the resistance, the lower the
current.”
The relationship between the current, voltage and resistance is presented in the
following equations known as the Ohms law.
I = V/R
Where:
I = Current flow (amperes)
V = Electromotive force
(volts) R = Resistance
(Ohms)
To find the:
* Voltage electrical pressure
(Volts) V = IR
* Current
(Ampere)

I = V/R
OHMS LAW
Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistance of 5 ohms on a 120 volts
and 240 volts current supply. (Circuit refers to the electrical wiring installation)
1. For 120 volts:
I = V/R = 120/5
I = 24 amperes
1. For 240 volts:
I = V/R = 240/5
I = 48 amperes
Examining the Ohms Law, it will be noted that the current is in inversely
proportional to the resistance. Thus, as resistance decreases, current increases. It
can be concluded from the foregoing illustration that a 240 volts circuit, is better
choice that using a 120 volt circuit as computed with 48 and 24 amperes
respectively.
ADVANTAGE OF USING 240 VOLTS OVER THE 120 VOLTS SUPPLY ARE:
1.Economy through the use of smaller wires.
2.Lower power loss.
3.Smaller percentage of power drop
SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT

A circuit components can be arranged in several

ways but with two fundamental types of
connection, namely:

1 SERIES CIRCUIT
. PARALLEL CIRCUIT
2
.
SERIES CIRCUIT

A series circuit is a type of

electrical circuit in which
components are connected
end-to-end in a single path,
so that the same current
flows through each
component.
SERIES CIRCUIT
Being single path.In a series arrangement, voltage and resistance simply
adds, thus:

.....

.....
SERIES CIRCUIT-SAMPLE COMPUTATION

If you have three resistors connected in series to a 12-volt

battery.

1.We need to calculate the Total

Resistance:
SERIES CIRCUIT
2.We need to calculate the Total Current Using
Ohm's Law:

3.We need to calculate the Voltage Across Each

Resistor:
SERIES CIRCUIT
4. We need to verify the Total Voltage:

The total voltage across the series circuit should equal the sum of the
individual voltages:

Series circuits are common in applications where the current needs to

be consistent across components, such as in string lights or older
Christmas lights, where if one bulb burns out, the entire string goes
out
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

A parallel circuit is another

common type of electrical
circuit where the components
are connected across the same
two points, creating multiple
paths for the current to flow.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT-SAMPLE COMPUTATION
If you have a parallel circuit with two resistors connected to a 9-
volt battery

We need to find:

1.The total resistance of the circuit.

2.The total current supplied by the
battery.
3.The current through each resistor.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT-SAMPLE COMPUTATION

1. Calculate the Total Resistance

In a parallel circuit, the total resistance can be found using the reciprocal
formula:

>Calculate the reciprocal of each resistor’s

resistance:
PARALLEL CIRCUIT-SAMPLE COMPUTATION

>Add the
reciprocals:

>Take the reciprocal of the sum to find the total

resistance:
PARALLEL CIRCUIT-SAMPLE COMPUTATION

2.The total current supplied by the battery can be calculated using

Ohm’s Law:

>Substitute the known

values:
PARALLEL CIRCUIT-SAMPLE COMPUTATION

3. Calculate the Current Through Each Resistor

In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each resistor is the same as
the battery voltage (9 V). To find the current through each resistor,
use Ohm’s Law for each resistor:
PARALLEL CIRCUIT-SAMPLE COMPUTATION

>Solutio
n

>The total current should be the sum of the currents through

each resistor:
POWER IN ELECTRICAL
In electrical terms, power is the rate at which electrical
energy is transferred or consumed in a circuit. It is a measure
of how much work can be done by the electrical energy over
time.

Electrical power calculation known as

Joule's Law. The measuring unit of electric
power is the Watt. When multiplied by 1000, the
product is called Kilowatt Power.

P = I² x R

Where:

P = in Watts
R=is in Ohms
POWER IN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT - SAMPLE
COMPUTATION

If a resistor has a resistance of 10ohms and a current of 2A

is flowing through it, the power dissipated would be?
P= I² x R
Where:

P= in Watts
R=is in Ohms
I=in Amperes
ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL
In electrical terms, energy refers to the capacity to do work
and is the total amount of electrical power consumed over
time.
E=P x t For practical purposes,
especially in electrical billing,
energy is often measured in
Where:
kilowatt-hours (kWh), where:
E=energy in joules (J) 1 kWh = 1,000 watts × 1
hour
P=power in watts (W)
t=time in seconds (s) during which
the power is consumed
ENERGY CONSUMPTION -SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Appliances Load Daily

If the average cost of
used energy is P5.00/kwh, in
Electric 1,200 2hrs 30days consumption,
Iron watts multiply:
30days x 6.55kwh =
Water 1,000 3hrs 196. 5 kwh /per
heater watts month
Toaster 2,300 30min x 5.00
watts -----------------
computation : P982. 50 Total Cost
Electric Iron : 1,200w= 1.2kw x 2hrs=
2.4kwh Water heater: 1,000w =1.0kw x
Toaster
3hrs : 2,300w = 2.3kw x. 5hrs =
=3.0kwh
1.15kwh
 UTIL
MODULE 0 1 313
Pa r t 2
BUILDING UTILITIES - ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

AR. MARISSE G. ROMERO,

UAP
 CONDUCTORS AND
WIRING ACCESSORIES
ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR
Electric conductors are substances or materials used to
convey or allow the flow of electric current.

Materials Considered as Good Electric Conductors

are:
1. Silver
2. Copper
3. Aluminum
4. Nickel
5. Brass
6. Zinc
7. Platinu m
8. I ron
9. Lead
10. Tin
Insulators are substances that offer a very high resistance
APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
1. Power Distribution
APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS

2.Internal Wiring
APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS

3.Electronic Devices
WIRES AND CABLES
Wires are those electrical conductors with 8mm2 (AWG No. 8) and a smaller size.
Cables on the other hand , are those which are larger that the wires. Wires and Cables
are either:
Stranded wire - Consist of a group of wires twisted to form a metallic string.
Solid wire – Solid length of Conductor.

Cord is the term given to an insulated stranded wire.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRE & CABLE
1.Copper or Aluminum 2. Type TW
Conductors (Thermoplastic Wires)
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRE & CABLE

3.Type THW (Heat, 4.Type TF (Thermoplastic

Moisture Resistant and covered fixture wire)
Flame Retardant Cables)
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRE & CABLE

5.Type NM ( Non Metallic 6.Copper or Aluminum PE

Sheathed Cable Insulated Wires
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRE & CABLE

7.Flat Chord (Type SPT) 8. Thermo Plastic portable

chord (Type SJT & ST)
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRE & CABLE

10.Underground feeder
9.Intercom Cable
and branch circuit cable
(Type UF)
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRE & CABLE

11.Telephone Cable 12. Submersible Pump Cable

(Type CCP)
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRE & CABLE

13.Service Drop Cable 14. Armored Cable 15.Service

( Type ACT), (BX) Entrance Cable
(Type SE)
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRE & CABLE

16.Coaxial Cable 17.Duralene (Type 18.Switchboard

WP) Semi-Rigid Plastic
Insulation
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRE & CABLE

19.All plastic parallel cord 20.Non Metallic Sheathed Cable

(Type NMC
Philippine Electrical Code (PEC)Wire Color Coding

1. Black
2. Red
3. Yellow
4. White
5.Grey
6.Green/Green
with yellow
stripe
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED INSULATED CONDUCTORS FOR GENERAL WIRING

1. TYPES T, TW, THW

2. TYPES THHN, THWN

3. TYPE XHHW

4. TYPES RHW, SA, AVA

RACEWAY
A raceway is an enclosed conduit that forms a physical pathway for
electrical wiring, providing protection, organization, and support for
the cables inside.
Types of Raceways:

1. Conduit-A rigid or flexible tubes made from metal, plastic, or other

materials.
RACEWAY
Types of Raceways:

2. Cable Tray - An open raceway system used to support insulated

electrical cables.
RACEWAY
Types of Raceways:

3.Surface Raceway - A surface-mounted raceway typically used in

offices or commercial spaces to run wires along walls or ceilings,
often made of plastic.
RACEWAY
Types of Raceways:

4. Wireway- A metal or plastic enclosure that allows easy access to

wires and cables, often used in industrial settings for control panels or
machine wiring.
RACEWAY
The purpose of Electrical Raceway :
1.To provide a means for the running wires form one point to
another.
2.To physically protect the wires.
3.To provide a grounded enclosure.
4.To protect the surroundings against the effect of fault in the wiring.
5.To protect the wiring system from damage by the building
and the occupants.
6.To protect the building and the accoupants from damage
by electric system.
 Group Activity
#1
Material Swatch Board
(Wire Gauge Sizes w i t h
actual
material)
-use live or neutral
conductors, choose 1 color
only
-use 300mm x 300mm
board or any other board
-Max of 3 members only
 THANK
Lets YOU
have a! quiz #1 next
week

AR. MARISSE G. ROMERO,