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Lecture05 CSE421

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Lecture05 CSE421

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CSE 421

Algorithms
Richard Anderson
Winter 2009
Lecture 5
Announcements
• Reading
– Chapter 3 (Mostly review)
– Start on Chapter 4
• Homework 2 Available
Graph Theory
• G = (V, E)
– V – vertices
– E – edges
• Undirected graphs
– Edges sets of two vertices {u, v}
• Directed graphs
– Edges ordered pairs (u, v)
• Many other flavors
– Edge / vertices weights
– Parallel edges
– Self loops
Definitions
• Path: v1, v2, …, vk, with (vi, vi+1) in E
– Simple Path
– Cycle
– Simple Cycle
• Distance
• Connectivity
– Undirected
– Directed (strong connectivity)
• Trees
– Rooted
– Unrooted
Graph search
• Find a path from s to t

S = {s}
While there exists (u, v) in E with u in S and v not in S
Pred[v] = u
Add v to S
if (v = t) then path found
Breadth first search
• Explore vertices in layers
– s in layer 1
– Neighbors of s in layer 2
– Neighbors of layer 2 in layer 3 . . .

s
Key observation
• All edges go between vertices on the
same layer or adjacent layers

2 3

4 5 6 7

8
Bipartite Graphs
• A graph V is bipartite if V can be
partitioned into V1, V2 such that all edges
go between V1 and V2
• A graph is bipartite if it can be two colored
Can this graph be two colored?
Algorithm
• Run BFS
• Color odd layers red, even layers blue
• If no edges between the same layer, the
graph is bipartite
• If edge between two vertices of the same
layer, then there is an odd cycle, and the
graph is not bipartite
Theorem: A graph is bipartite if and
only if it has no odd cycles
Lemma 1
• If a graph contains an odd cycle, it is not
bipartite
Lemma 2
• If a BFS tree has an intra-level edge, then
the graph has an odd length cycle

Intra-level edge: both end points are in the same level


Lemma 3
• If a graph has no odd length cycles, then it
is bipartite
Connected Components
• Undirected Graphs
Computing Connected
Components in O(n+m) time
• A search algorithm from a vertex v can find
all vertices in v’s component
• While there is an unvisited vertex v, search
from v to find a new component
Directed Graphs
• A Strongly Connected Component is a
subset of the vertices with paths between
every pair of vertices.
Identify the Strongly Connected
Components
Strongly connected components
can be found in O(n+m) time
• But it’s tricky!
• Simpler problem: given a vertex v, compute the
vertices in v’s scc in O(n+m) time
Topological Sort
• Given a set of tasks with precedence
constraints, find a linear order of the tasks
321 322 401

142 143 341 326 421

370 378 431


Find a topological order for the
following graph

H
E I
A

D G
J
C

F
K
B

L
If a graph has a cycle, there is no
topological sort
• Consider the first
A F
vertex on the cycle in
the topological sort
• It must have an
B E
incoming edge

C D
Lemma: If a graph is acyclic, it has
a vertex with in degree 0
• Proof:
– Pick a vertex v1, if it has in-degree 0 then
done
– If not, let (v2, v1) be an edge, if v2 has in-
degree 0 then done
– If not, let (v3, v2) be an edge . . .
– If this process continues for more than n
steps, we have a repeated vertex, so we have
a cycle
Topological Sort Algorithm
While there exists a vertex v with in-degree 0
Output vertex v
Delete the vertex v and all out going edges

H
E I
A

D G
J
C

F
K
B

L
Details for O(n+m) implementation
• Maintain a list of vertices of in-degree 0
• Each vertex keeps track of its in-degree
• Update in-degrees and list when edges
are removed
• m edge removals at O(1) cost each

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