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Lecture-4 K Maps

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37 views14 pages

Lecture-4 K Maps

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Computer System Architecture

COMP201TH
Lecture-4
Karnaugh Maps (K-Map)
 K Map:
o Karnaugh map is a method of simplifying Boolean algebra
expressions.
o It is actually a truth table in another form.
o It offers a graphical method of reducing a digital circuit to its
minimum number of gates.
o Karnaugh maps can be used on small circuits having 2 to 3
inputs as an alternative to Boolean algebra and on more complex
circuits having up to 6 inputs; it can provide quicker and simpler
minimisation than Boolean algebra.

Fig. : Representation of K-map for 2,3 and 4 variables respectively


 Constructing K-maps:
o The shape and size of the map is dependent on the number of
binary inputs in the circuit to be analysed.
o 2 input circuits with inputs A and B require maps with 2 2 = 4cells.
o n input circuit will require map with 2 n cells.
o In K maps, the cells are ordered in Gray Code and each cell position
represents on combination of input conditions while each cell value
represents the corresponding output value.
 Gray code is an ordering of the binary number system
such that two successive values differ in only one bit. E . g.
the
representation of th e (1)10 i n binary would normally be 0 1 a n d

(2)10 would be 1 0 .
 In Gray code, these values are represented as 01 and 11,
respectively.

Fig.: Corresponding Gray codes of Binary numbers

 Example of K-Map:
o Simplify A + A` B by use of Karnaugh Map.

f = A+A`B  minterm expression  A`=0 and A=1.

In the expression, first see first term is A, here we will take value of B as both 0
and 1.

Remember, while using K-map if one variable is not specified then


we should consider its value both 0 an d 1.

e.g. if f = AB +AB`C+A`BC`

here in the first term AB value of C is not specified, so when computing


for K m ap, we will consider value of C as both 0 an d 1.
K map for two variable is:

B 0 1
A
0

Now, K-map for f = A + A`B will be:

B 0 1
A
1
0

1 1
1

In K-map, we will put 1 in the cell where in value of A and B are specified in the
Boolean expression i.e. f = A + A`B -> its in minterm expression,

So f = 1 + 01.

Now, as said earlier: In the expression, first see first term is A, here we will take
value of B as both 0 and 1.

So, for the given Boolean expression we will take first term as 10 and 11 as
value of B is not given so we are considering it both 0 and 1.

Now see, we have put 1 in the cell where cell positions are 10, 11 and 01.

Next step is: we will group adjacent 1’s and choose common between them from
their cell positions.

B
A 0 1
1
0 1

1
11
1
Now , first group (vertically): 01

11

Common is 1 which is B

Now, second group (horizontally): 10

1
1

Common is 1 which is A.

So, the solution is A+B.

 Rules for simplifying Boolean


expressions using K Maps [1, 2]:
 A square containing 1 should not be left alone to be included in the
final expression if there is a possibility of its inclusion in a group of
two squares containing 1s. Similarly, a group of two 1-squares (i.e.
square containing 1) should not be made if these 1-square can be
included in a group of four 1-squares and so on.

 Groups may wrap around the table. The leftmost cell in a row may be
grouped with the rightmost cell and the top cell in a column may be
grouped with the bottom cell.
References :

[1] Composed by David Belton


http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/minimisation/karnaugh.html
[2 Eric Coates (Revision 14.01 18 t h J u ly 2020)
] https://learnabout-electronics.org/Digital/dig24.php

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