COURSE CODE: HSM251

COURSE: LAB-V: COGNITIVE

APTITUDE
UNIT-I
PREPAIRED BY
DR. AMIT CHANDRASHEKHAR DABHOLE (PH.D. MATHEMATICS)
 COURSE CODE: HSM251
COURSE: LAB-V: COGNITIVE
APTITUDE
UNIT-I
-I
CLASSIFICATIONS OF NUMBERS
1. NATURAL NUMBERS:
• NATURAL NUMBERS ARE THE COUNTING
NUMBERS WHICH STARTS FROM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
…UP TO INFINITY.
• SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS CONTAINS ALL
POSITIVE NUMBERS STARTING FROM 1.
• AND SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS IS
REPRESENTED BY N.
• WE HAVE TO NOTE THAT SET OF NATURAL
NUMBERS DOESN’T INCLUDES ZERO.
• AS THE NAME IS WHOLE NUMBERS
IT INCLUDES ALL THE NATURAL
2.)NUMBERS
WHOLE NUMBERS:
INCLUDING ZERO ALSO.
• HENCE, SET OF WHOLE NUMBERS IS
STARTING FROM 0, 2, 3, 4, 5,…UP TO
INFINITY.
• SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS IS THE
PROPER SUBSET OF WHOLE
NUMBERS.
• SET OF WHOLE NUMBERS IS
• SET OF INTEGERS IS THE LARGEST SUBSET OF THE
3.) INTEGERS:

SET OF REAL NUMBERS.

• SET OF INTEGERS IS REPRESENTED BY I.
• IT INCLUDES ALL POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REAL
NUMBERS INCLUDING ZERO ALSO.
• THAT MEANS, SET OF INTEGERS CONTAINS POSITIVE
INTEGERS (NON NEGATIVE) AND NEGATIVE
INTEGERS (NON POSITIVE) INCLUDING ZERO.
• IT INCLUDES …-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…
• HERE, THE SET OF WHOLE NUMBERS AND SET OF
NATURAL NUMBERS BOTH ARE THE PROPER SUBSET
OF SET OF INTEGERS.
4.) RATIONAL
• THOSE NUMBERS:
NUMBERS WHICHARE NOT WRITTEN IN WHOLE
NUMBER FORM ARE THE RATIONAL NUMBERS THAT MEANS
THEY ARE WRITTEN IN THE FORM OF FRACTIONS OR RATIOS.
• THE FORM OF RATIONAL NUMBERS IS AS P/Q WHERE P AND
Q BOTH ARE THE INTEGERS AND Q SHOULD NOT BE ZERO.
• FOR EXAMPLE:
• 3/5, 1/2 ARE THE RATIONAL NUMBERS BECAUSE IF WE SOLVE
THESE FRACTIONS THEN WE GET THE ANSWER IN DECIMAL
FORM NOT IN THE WHOLE NUMBER FORM.
• SUCH AS 1/2= 0.5 AND 3/5= 0.6
• HENCE, THESE ARE THE RATIONAL NUMBERS.
• RATIONAL NUMBERS INCLUDES BOTH POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE RATIONAL NUMBERS.
• FOR EXAMPLE:
• 7 IS RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL NUMBER?
• WE KNOW THAT, EVERY NUMBER WRITTEN IN
THE FORM OF P/Q WHERE P AND Q ARE BOTH
INTEGERS AND Q SHOULD NOT BE ZERO ARE
THE RATIONAL NUMBERS.
• SO, 7 CAN BE WRITTEN AS 7/1 WHERE 7 AND
1 ARE THE INTEGERS AND DENOMINATOR IS
NOT ZERO HERE.

• SO, WE HAVE WRITTEN 7 IN THE FORM OF

RATIO AND HENCE IT IS ALSO THE RATIONAL
• NOTE:

• Π IS THE RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL NUMBER?

• ANS: WE KNOW THAT,

• Π~22/7
• AS THE VALUE OF Π IS NOT EXACTLY EQUAL
TO 22/7 BUT IT IS NEARLY EQUAL TO 22/7.

• HENCE, Π IS THE IRRATIONAL NUMBER OR Π

IS NOT THE RATIONAL NUMBER.
• NOTE:
• THOSE NUMBERS WHICH ARE NOT RATIONAL
NUMBERS ARE CALLED AS THE IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS.
• FOR EXAMPLE:
• √4= 2 AND 2 CAN BE WRITTEN AS 2/1 HENCE, WE
CAN SAY THAT √4 IS THE RATIONAL NUMBER.
• BUT, √3= 1.732 AND WHICH CANNOT BE WRITTEN
IN THE FORM OF RATIO.
• HENCE, √3 IS THE IRRATIONAL NUMBER.

• SIMILARLY, √2= 1.414 WHICH IS ALSO NOT WRITTEN

IN THE FORM OF RATIO SO √2 IS ALSO THE
1. NATURAL NUMBERS:

• NATURAL NUMBERS ARE THE COUNTING NUMBERS WHICH STARTS FROM

1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…UP TO INFINITY.
• SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS CONTAINS ALL POSITIVE NUMBERS STARTING
FROM 1.
• AND SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS IS REPRESENTED BY N.
• WE HAVE TO NOTE THAT SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS DOESN’T INCLUDES
ZERO.
1. NATURAL NUMBERS:

• NATURAL NUMBERS ARE THE COUNTING NUMBERS WHICH STARTS FROM

1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…UP TO INFINITY.
• SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS CONTAINS ALL POSITIVE NUMBERS STARTING
FROM 1.
• AND SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS IS REPRESENTED BY N.
• WE HAVE TO NOTE THAT SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS DOESN’T INCLUDES
ZERO.
1. NATURAL NUMBERS:

• NATURAL NUMBERS ARE AGAIN CLASSIFIED INTO PRIME NUMBERS AND

COMPOSITE NUMBERS.
1.) PRIME NUMBERS:
• PRIME NUMBERS ARE THOSE NATURAL
NUMBERS WHICH ARE ONLY DIVISIBLE BY 1
AND THE NUMBER ITSELF.
• PRIME NUMBERS STARTS FROM 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
…AND SO ON.
• ALSO WE CAN SAY THAT, PRIME NUMBERS
ARE THOSE WHICH ARE NOT EXPRESSED IN
THE FORM OF PRODUCT OF NUMBERS OTHER
THAN ONE AND THE NUMBER ITSELF.
1.) PRIME NUMBERS:
• FOR EXAMPLE:
• 2 CAN BE WRITTEN AS ONLY IN THE FORM 2= 2*1
• ALSO, 3 CAN BE WRITTEN AS 3= 3*1
• SIMILARLY, 5 CAN BE WRITTEN AS ONLY 5= 5*1
• AND 7 ALSO WRITTEN IN THE FORM OF 7=7*1 ONLY.
• SUCH NATURAL NUMBERS WHICH ARE DIVISIBLE BY ONE AND THE NUMBER
ITSELF ARE THE PRIME NUMBERS.
• HERE, 2 IS THE LOWEST PRIME NUMBER AND IT IS ALSO THE FIRST AND ONLY
ONE EVEN PRIME NUMBER HERE.
• ALL THE OTHER PRIME NUMBERS OTHER THAN 2 ARE THE ODD PRIME
NUMBERS ONLY.
• NOTE:
• 1 AND 0 ARE NEITHER THE PRIME NUMBERS NOR THE COMPOSITE NUMBERS.
2.) COMPOSITE NUMBERS:
• COMPOSITE NUMBERS ARE THOSE NATURAL
NUMBERS WHICH ARE DIVISIBLE BY 1, THE
NUMBER ITSELF AND ALSO BY THE OTHER
NUMBERS.
• THAT MEANS THEY HAVE FACTORS OTHER
THAN 1 AND THE NUMBER ITSELF.
• AND THOSE NATURAL NUMBERS WHICH ARE
NOT PRIME NUMBERS ARE THE COMPOSITE
NUMBERS.
• FOR EXAMPLE:
• 4, 6, 8, 9, 10,…AND SO ON ARE THE COMPOSITE NUMBERS.
• BECAUSE THESE NUMBERS ARE WRITTEN IN THE FORM OF PRODUCT OF
OTHER NUMBERS ALSO.
• SUCH AS, 4= 2*2 AND 4= 4*1
• 6= 6*1 AND 6= 3*2
• ALSO, 8= 8*1 AND 8= 4*2
• SIMILARLY,
• 9= 9*1 AND 9= 3*3
• IN THIS WAY, WE CAN EXPRESS THE COMPOSITE NUMBERS IN THE FORM
OF PRODUCT OF OTHER NUMBERS.
• NOTE:
• 0 AND 1 ARE NEITHER PRIME NOR COMPOSITE NUMBERS.
INTEGERS ARE AGAIN CLASSIFIED INTO
ODD NUMBERS AND EVEN NUMBERS.
1.) EVEN NUMBERS:

• EVEN NUMBERS ARE THE BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGERS.

• EVEN NUMBERS ARE THOSE INTEGERS WHICH ARE DIVISIBLE BY 2.
• FOR EXAMPLE:

• …, -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6,…AND SO ON ALL ARE THE EVEN NUMBERS AS

THESE NUMBERS ARE DIVISIBLE BY 2.
2.) ODD NUMBERS:

• ODD NUMBERS ARE THOSE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGERS WHICH

ARE NOT DIVISIBLE BY 2.
• ALSO, WE CAN SAY THAT ALL THE INTEGERS WHICH ARE NOT EVEN
NUMBERS ARE THE ODD NUMBERS.
• FOR EXAMPLE:

• …-5, -3, -1, +1, +3, +5…AND SO ON ALL ARE THE ODD NUMBERS AS
THEY ARE NOT DIVISIBLE BY 2.
HOW ARE THE TYPES OF NUMBER RELATED?

• THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM SHOWS THAT ALL WHOLE NUMBERS ARE

INTEGERS, AND ALL INTEGERS ARE RATIONAL NUMBERS. NUMBERS THAT
ARE NOT RATIONAL ARE CALLED IRRATIONAL.
2.) ODD NUMBERS:

• ODD NUMBERS ARE THOSE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGERS WHICH

ARE NOT DIVISIBLE BY 2.
• ALSO, WE CAN SAY THAT ALL THE INTEGERS WHICH ARE NOT EVEN
NUMBERS ARE THE ODD NUMBERS.
• FOR EXAMPLE:

• …-5, -3, -1, +1, +3, +5…AND SO ON ALL ARE THE ODD NUMBERS AS
THEY ARE NOT DIVISIBLE BY 2.
2.) ODD NUMBERS:

• ODD NUMBERS ARE THOSE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGERS WHICH

ARE NOT DIVISIBLE BY 2.
• ALSO, WE CAN SAY THAT ALL THE INTEGERS WHICH ARE NOT EVEN
NUMBERS ARE THE ODD NUMBERS.
• FOR EXAMPLE:

• …-5, -3, -1, +1, +3, +5…AND SO ON ALL ARE THE ODD NUMBERS AS
THEY ARE NOT DIVISIBLE BY 2.
• THANK YOU…