Outline

●
Internet of Things Ecosystem
●
Internet of Things Architecture – Four Layered Structure
●
Logical Design of IoT
●
IoT Levels and Deployment Techniques
●
Communication Models
●
Request
● Response
● Publish
● Subscribe
● Exclusive
IoT Pair
Design Methodology
REST based APIs
●
Case Study : Designing a Home Automation System
 Internet of Things

Things, People and Cloud Services

get connected via Internet to
enable new use cases and business
models

Figure source : Iman Khajenisiri et.al., A Review of Internet of Things Solution for Intelligent Energy Control in Buildings for Smart
City Applications, Energy Procedia, Volume 111, 2017
Internet of Things : Any Place / Time / Thing

Source: Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

 Physical and Virtual Things
Physical things exist in the physical world and are capable
of being sensed, actuated and connected.
Ex: electrical and mechanical equipments; goods; robots
etc.
Virtual things exist in the information world and are capable
of being stored, processed and accessed.
Ex: multimedia content and application software.

Source: Recommendation
ITU-T Y.2060
IoT – Basic Idea
 IoT System Design
IoT architecture : Simplified model

Sensor Server/
Cloud

Protocol
W
B ifi /
T Ethern
et

Node Gateway Services

IoT Ecosystem
The Four Layered IoT Architecture

Source : ITU-T
 Logical Design of IoT Based Systems
Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities and processes
without going into the low-level specifics of the implementation.
An IoT system comprises a number of functional blocks that provide the system the capabilities
for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management.

Logical Design of IoT

Source: Book website:
http://www.internet-of-things-book.com
 IoT System Design : IoT Levels and Deployment
An IoT system comprises the following components :
Devic e : An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and
remote monitoring capabilities.

Source: Book website:

http://www.internet-of-things-book.com
 IoT System Design : IoT Levels and Deployment
Resourc es : Resources are software components on the IoT device for accessing, processing and storing sensor
information, or for controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the software components
that enable network access for the device.
Controller Service : Controller service is a native service that runs on the device and interacts with the web
services. Controller service sends data from the device to the web service and receives commands from the
application (via web services) for controlling the device.
 IoT System Design : IoT Levels and Deployment
Database : Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by the IoT
device.
Web Service : Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application, database and
analysis components. Web service can be implemented using HTTP and REST principles
(REST service) or using the WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
 IoT System Design : IoT Levels and Deployment
Analysis Component : This is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and generating
results in a form that is easy for the user to understand.
Application : IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allow users to view the system status
and the processed data.
 IoT Level - 1
IoT Level - 1 has a single node
that performs sensing and/or actuation
and hosts applications.

Data is stored at the node.

Application runs at the node

They are suitable for modelling low cost

solutions where data is not big and analysis
requirements are not computationally
intensive

Source:
Book
websit
IoT Level - 1 : Smart Home

Sensors used : Light, Temperature, Motion, Camera

Source:
Internet
 IoT Level - 2
IoT Level - 2 has a single node that
performs sensing and/or actuation and
local analysis.

Data is stored in the cloud and application

is cloud based

They are suitable for modelling where data is big

However, analysis requirements are not
computationally intensive and can be done locally

Source: Book
website:
http://www.i
nternet-of-th
ings-book.co
m
IoT Level - 2 : Smart Irrigation

Sensors used : Temperature, Humidity, Pressure Source:

Internet
 IoT Level - 3
IoT Level - 3 has a single node that
performs sensing and/or actuation and
local analysis.

Data is stored in the cloud and application

is cloud based

They are suitable for modelling where data is big

However, analysis requirements are
computationally intensive

Source:
Book
website:
http://www
.internet-o
IoT Level - 3 : Tracking Package Delivery

Sensors used : Gyroscope and Accelerometer

Figure Source:
Internet
 IoT Level - 4
IoT Level - 4 has a multiple nodes
that performs local analysis

Data is stored in the cloud and application

is cloud based.
Local and cloud based observer nodes
which can subscribe to and receive information
collected in the cloud

They are suitable where multiple nodes are

Required, data is big and analysis requirements
are computationally intensive
Source:
Book
website
:
http://w
ww.inte
rnet-of-t
hings-b
ook.co
IoT Level – 4 : Noise Monitoring System

Sensors used : Sound Sensors

Figure Source: Book website: Norsonic
Asia
 IoT Level - 5
IoT Level - 5 has a multiple end nodes
and one co-ordinator node

End node performs sensing and actuation

Collector node collects data from end nodes

and send it to the cloud

Data is stored in the cloud and application

is cloud based.

Level 5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions

based on wireless sensor network in which
data is big and analysis requirements
are computationally intensive
Source: Book website:
http://www.internet-of-things-book.com
 IoT Level – 5 : Forest Fire Detection System

●
Sensors used : temperature, smoke, weather, slope of earth, wind
speed, speed of fire, flame length
 IoT Level - 6
IoT Level - 6 has a multiple independent end Nodes
that perform sensing and / or actuation and send data
to the cloud.

Data is stored in the cloud and application

is cloud based.

The analytics component analyses

data and stores it in the cloud database

The results are visualized with the

cloud based application. The
centralized controller
is aware of the status of all end nodes and sends control
commands to the nodes
S
o
u
 IoT Level – 6 : Weather Monitoring Station

●
Sensors used : wind speed direction, solar radiation, temperature,
relative humidity, precipitation, snow depth, barometric
pressure,soil moisture
 Communication Models : Request - Response
Request–Response is a
communication model in which
the client sends requests to the
server and the server responds to
the requests

When the server receives a

request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource
representations, prepares the
response and then sends the
response to the client Source: Book website:
http://www.internet-of-things-book.com
 Communication Models : Publish- Subscribe
Publish–Subscribe is a
communication model that involves
publishers, brokers and consumers

Publishers are the source of data.

Publishers send the data to the
topics which are managed by the
broker. Publishers are not aware of
the consumers.
Consumers subscribe to the topics
which are managed by the broker.
When the broker receives data for a
topic from the publisher, it sends the
data to all the subscribed consumers. Source: Book website:
http://www.internet-of-things-book.com
 Communication Models : Push - Pull
Push–Pull is a communication model
in which the data producers push the
data to queues and the consumers
pull the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be aware
of the consumers

Queues help in decoupling the

messaging between the producers
and consumers.
Queues also act as a buffer which
helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at which
the producers push data and the rate
at which the consumers pull data. Source: Book website:
http://www.internet-of-things-book.com
 Communication Models : Exclusive Pair
Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional,
fully duplex communication
model that uses a persistent
connection between the client
and the server.
Once the connection is set
up
it, remains open until the client
sends a request to close the
connection.
Client and server can
send
connection setup. Source: Book website:
messages to each other after http://www.internet-of-things-book.com
 REST based APIs
Representational State Transfer
(REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can
design web services and web
APIs that focus on a system’s
resources and how resource
states are addressed and
transferred..
REST APIs follow the request–
response communication
model.
•REST architectural
constraints apply to the
components, connectors and
data elements within a
distributed Source: Book website:
hypermedia system http://www.internet-of-things-book.com