UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF AIT - CSE

Bachelor of Engineering (CSE)
SOFT COMPUTING (22CSH-345 )
By: Ms. Aarti (E15380)

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 Course Objectives
To introduce soft computing concepts and techniques of artificial neural networks,
fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms

To understand the various techniques from the application point of view.

To analyze various soft computing techniques and decide the technique to be used in
a particular problem situation.

To implement soft computing based solutions for real-world problems

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 Course Outcomes
CO Identify and describe soft computing techniques and 1
1 their roles in building intelligent. Machines
CO Recognize the feasibility of applying a soft 2,4
2 computing methodology for a particular problem.
CO Apply fuzzy logic and reasoning to handle 3
3 uncertainty and solve engineering problems, genetic
algorithms to combinatorial optimization problems
and neural networks to pattern classification and
regression problems.
CO Effectively use modern software tools to solve real 3
4 problems using a soft computing approach.
CO Evaluate various soft computing approaches for a 4 3
 Syllabus
Conta
Unit-3 Advanced Theories
ct
Hours
:15

Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy Set theory, Fuzzy versus Crisp set, Fuzzy Relation,
Fuzzification, Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Systems Fuzzy Rule based systems, Predicate logic, Fuzzy

Decision Making Fuzzy Control Systems, Fuzzy
Classification., Minmax Composition, Defuzzification
Method.

Genetic History of Genetic Algorithms (GA), Fundamentals of

Algorithms Genetic Algorithms, Encoding, Operators of Genetic
Algorithm, Basic Genetic Algorithm.
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 A fuzzy rule-based system (FRBS) is a rule-based system where fuzzy
sets and fuzzy logic are used as tools for representing different forms of
knowledge about the problem at hand, as well as for modeling the
interactions and relationships existing between its variables.
FUZZY RULES AND REASONING

The degree of an element in a fuzzy set corresponds to the

truth value of a proposition in fuzzy logic systems.

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 LINGUISTIC VARIABLES

 A linguistic variable is a fuzzy variable.

• The linguistic variable speed ranges between 0 and 300 km/h

and includes the fuzzy sets slow, very slow, fast, …
• Fuzzy sets define the linguistic values.

 Hedges are qualifiers of a linguistic variable.

• All purpose: very, quite, extremely

• Probability: likely, unlikely
• Quantifiers: most, several, few
• Possibilities: almost impossible, quite possible

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 LINGUISTIC HEDGES (LINGUISTIC
QUANTIFIERS)
 Hedges modify the shape of a fuzzy
set.

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 TRUTH TABLES
Truth tables define logic functions of two propositions. Let X and Y
be two propositions, either of which can be true or false.

The operations over the propositions are:

1. Conjunction (): X AND Y.

2. Disjunction (): X OR Y.

3. Implication or conditional (): IF X THEN Y.

4. Bidirectional or equivalence (): X IF AND ONLY IF Y.

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 FUZZY RULES
A fuzzy rule is defined as the conditional statement of the form

If x is A
THEN y is B

where x and y are linguistic variables and A and B are linguistic

values determined by fuzzy sets on the universes of discourse X and
Y.

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  The decision-making process is based on rules with sentence
conjunctives AND, OR and ALSO.

 Each rule corresponds to a fuzzy relation.

 Rules belong to a rule base.

 Example: If (Distance x to second car is SMALL) OR (Distance y

to obstacle is CLOSE) AND (speed v is HIGH) THEN (perform
LARGE correction to steering angle ) ALSO (make MEDIUM
reduction in speed v).

 Three antecedents (or premises) in this example give rise to two

outputs (consequences).

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Fuzzy Rules

• Fuzzy rules are useful for modeling human thinking, perception

(Opinion, view) and judgment.

• A fuzzy if-then rule is of the form “If x is A then y is B” where A and B

are linguistic values defined by fuzzy sets on universes of discourse X
and Y, respectively.

• “x is A” is called antecedent and “y is B” is called consequent.

IF-THEN RULES

Fuzzy sets and fuzzy operators are the subjects and verbs of fuzzy logic. While the differential
equations are the language of conventional control, if-thenrules, which determine the way a
process is controlled, are the language of fuzzy control. Fuzzy rules serve to describe the
quantitative relationship between variables in linguistic terms. These if-then rule statements are
used to formulate the conditional statements that comprise fuzzy logic. Several rule bases of
different complexity can be developed, such as

IF Sensor 1 is Very Low AND Sensor 2 is Very Low THEN Motor is Fast Reverse
IF Sensor 1 is High AND Sensor 2 is Low THEN Motor is Slow Reverse
IF Sensor 1 is Okay AND Sensor 2 is Okay THEN Motor Off
IF Sensor 1 is Low AND Sensor 2 is High THEN Motor is Slow Forward
IF Sensor 1 is Very Low AND Sensor 2 is Very High THEN Motor is Fast Forward
Binary fuzzy relation

• A binary fuzzy relation is a fuzzy set in X × Y which maps

each element in X × Y to a membership value between 0
and 1.

• If X and Y are two universes of discourse, then

• R = {((x,y), µR (x, y)) | (x,y) Є X × Y } is a binary fuzzy

relation in X × Y.

• X × Y indicates cartesian product of X and Y

The fuzzy rule

“If x is A then y is B” may be abbreviated as A→ B and is

interpreted as A × B.

• A fuzzy if then rule may be defined (Mamdani) as a

binary fuzzy relation R on the product space X × Y.

• R = A→ B = A × B =∫ X×YµA (x) T-norm µB (y)/ (x,y).

Expert systems:
Fuzzy inference Mamdani fuzzy
inference Sugeno fuzzy inference
Fuzzy inference

• The most commonly used fuzzy inference technique is the so-

called Mamdani method. In 1975,

• Professor Ebrahim Mamdani of London University built one of

the first fuzzy systems

• To control a steam engine and boiler combination.

• He applied a set of fuzzy rules supplied by experienced human

operators.
Mamdani fuzzy inference

• The Mamdani-style fuzzy inference process is

performed in four steps:
• Fuzzification of the input variables,
• Rule evaluation;
• Aggregation of the rule outputs, and finally
• Defuzzification.
Fuzzy inference
We examine a simple two-input one-output problem that
includes three rules:

Rule 1: Rule 1:
IF x is A3 IF project_funding is enough
OR y is B1 OR project_staffing is small
THEN z is C1 THEN risk is low

Rule 2: Rule 2:
IF x is A2 IF project_funding is medium
OR y is B2 OR project_staffing is large
THEN z is C2 THEN risk is normal

Rule 3:
IF x is A1 Rule 3:
THEN z is C3 IF project_funding is notenough
THEN risk is high
 • TEXT BOOKS
T1. Timothy J. Ross, “Fuzzy Logic with
Engineering Applications”.
T2. S.N.Sivanandam, S.N Deepa, “Principles of
Soft Computing”
T3. Lofti Zadeh “Fuzzy Logic and Soft
Computing” Word Scientific, 1995.

Referen
T4 Samir Roy,Udit Chakraborty, “Introduction to
Soft Computing:Neuro-Fuzzy and Genetic
Algorithms”, Pearson.
ces • REFERENCE BOOKS

R1. Bart Kosko, “Neural Network and Fuzzy

Systems: A Dynamic System Approach to
Machine” Prentice-Hall 1998

R2. Fausett, “Fundamentals of Neural Networks:

Architectures, Algorithms, and Applications”,
Prentice-Hall, 1994

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R3. Jack M. Zurada, “Introduction to Artificial
Neural Systems”, PWS Publishing Co., Boston,
2000.
R4. J S R Jang, “Neuro-Fuzzy & Soft Computing,”,
Pearson.
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 1. C.A. Peña-Reyes. Evolutionary fuzzy
modelling human diagnostic decisions. Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences, pages
190-211, May 2004. DOI – PDF

2. C.A. Peña-Reyes and M. Sipper. Evolutionary

computation in medicine: An overview. Artificial
Intelligence in Medicine, 19(1):1-23, May 2000.
DOI

Journ 3. C.A. Peña-Reyes and M. Sipper. A fuzzy-

genetic approach to breast cancer diagnosis.

al Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 17(2):131-

155, October 1999. DOI – PDF

Pape
4. Jungang Liu, Student Member, IEEE, and
Oliver W. W. Yang, Senior Member, IEEE, “Using
Fuzzy Logic Control to Provide Intelligent Traffic
Management Service for High-Speed Networks”,

rs IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND

SERVICE MANAGEMENT, VOL. 10, NO. 2, JUNE
2013.

Web links

(1)
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http://staff.cs.upt.ro/~todinca/cad/Lectures/cad_
fuzzysets.pdf
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THANK YOU

For Queries:
[email protected]

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