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Material Handling Lecture-3

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34 views24 pages

Material Handling Lecture-3

Uploaded by

Biniyamin Indris
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture-3

Flexible Hoisting Appliances

By:Mohammed Endris 1
FLEXIBLE HOISTING
APPLIANCES
• The needs of hoisting machinery in pliable members are
met widely by hemp rope, welded and roller chains, and
steel wire ropes.
•

• The applications of hemp ropes as pliable members are


limited due to their strength and lack of reliability.
•

• They are mainly used as means of slinging the load to


the hook.

• Example of flexible hoisting appliances are hemp ropes,


welded and roller chains, and steel wire ropes.
By:Mohammed Endris 2
1. Hemp Ropes
• Because of their poor mechanical properties (rapid
abrasion, inadequate strength, rapid damage from
sharp materials and atmospheric effects, etc.)

• It can be recommended only for hand-operated hoisting


machinery (rope pulleys).
•

• The diameters of the sheaves over which the rope runs


should be at least 10d, where d is the nominal rope
diameter.
•

• By the mode of manufacture and number of strands,


hemp ropes are classified as plain-laid or cable-laid, the
latter being twisted from three ordinary ropes.

By:Mohammed Endris 3
How we Select hemp ropes
• Hemp ropes are frequently impregnated with tar to
make it water proof.
• The rope displays better resistance to external effects
(weather) but it becomes heavier and its strength is
reduced.

where F = load on the rope [kgf]


d = nominal rope diameter [cm]

By:Mohammed Endris 4
2. Welded and Roller Chains
A. Welded Load Chains -They are widely used in
hoisting installations as pliable members.

where t - pitch of the chain equal to the inside


length of the link
d - diameter of chain bar
B - chain outside width
• Depending on the ratio between the pitch and the diameter of the
chain bar, welded chains are classified into:
Short-link chains with t ≤ 3 d
Long-link chains with t > 3 d
By:Mohammed Endris 5
Advantages of welded chains
• Good flexibility in all directions
• Possibility to use small diameter pulleys and
drums
• Simple design and manufacture
Selection of Load Chains
Chains are checked for tension taking a higher safety
factor to take care of the complexity of the problem.

By:Mohammed Endris 6
Application
• Because of the shortcomings, welded chains are used only in
some hand-operated mechanisms and in few power-driven
mechanisms.

• Preference is given to calibrated chains for their contact is


smoother while moving on pulleys or drums.

By:Mohammed Endris 7
B. Roller Chains
Roller chains are composed of plates hinge-
jointed by pins and rollers.
For light loads, two plates are used; for very
heavy loads the number of plates can be
increased up to 12.

Fig.3.3 Simple Roller Chain with Two Plates


By:Mohammed Endris 8
• Applications
Roller chains are used for;
hand-operated hoists and power-driven winches and
hoisting mechanisms of high load lifting capacity,
operating at low speed, if the weight is lifted between
guide-ways.

By:Mohammed Endris 9
• Advantage of roller chains
Roller chains are superior to welded chains in a number of
ways such as:
The reliability of operation is higher since the plates are solid
Roller chains have good flexibility and can therefore be used
on small diameter sprockets with small number of teeth (with
which smaller size can be obtained) which affects the driving
torque at the sprocket shafts
The friction in the joints is considerably less than that in the
joints of welded chains

The maximum allowable speed of roller chain is v =


0.25m/s.
By:Mohammed Endris 10
3. Steel Wire Ropes
• The needs of hoisting machinery in pliable members
are met predominantly by steel wire ropes.
•

• The wire is drawn cold and given heat treatment as


well as chemical treatment between the drawing
stages in order to obtain required strength, structure,
appearance and surface finish.
• They are extensively used in hoisting machinery as
flexible lifting appliances.
• The manufacture of wire ropes is done by a special
machine.
• This is performed first by twisting separate wires into
strands and then the strands are formed into a "round"
rope. By:Mohammed Endris 11
Types of Steel Wire Ropes
• Cross-of regular lay ropes: the direction of the
twist of the wires in the strand is opposite to that of
the strands in the rope (Fig. a). Such ropes have the
widest application.

• Parallel or long lay ropes: the direction of twist of


wire and strand is the same (Fig. b). This is more
flexible and resists wear better, but tends to spring.
Parallel lay ropes are used in lifts and other hoisting
equipment with guide-ways and also for haulage
ropes.

• Composite or reverse laid ropes: the wires in two


adjacent stands are twisted in the opposite direction
(Fig. c). By:Mohammed Endris 12
Advantages Steel Wire Ropes
• Uniform load distribution over the individual wires, which
reduces internal stresses to a minimum
• Better flexibility
• Less wear of the wire ropes running over drum or sheaves
(wires and strands do not project from the contour, outer wires
wear uniformly, broken wires remain in their initial position)
• Greater operation safety

Fig.3.4 Steel Wire Rope Lays


By:Mohammed Endris 13
Selecting steel wire ropes
• Individual wires in a loaded bent rope
experience a complex stress consisting of
tension, bending, twisting stresses combined
with mutual compression and rubbing of the
wires and strands.
• Depending on the number of bends, the
corresponding rope life can be found from the
ratios:

By:Mohammed Endris 14
Fig.3.5 Development and Diagram of Bends for Pulley System

By:Mohammed Endris 15
Strength of Wire Rope
• This is to compensate for the area of the core
material and the area in-between the wires (true
only for one-size wire ropes):

By:Mohammed Endris 16
Fastening of Chains and Ropes
• Fastening Welded Load Chains: A split yoke
and a bolt are used to attach the chain to the
hook (Fig.3.12a). In the case of fastening two
chains strands a crosspiece and forked eyes is
implemented (Fig.3.12b).

Fig.3.6 Fastenings Welded Load


By:Mohammed Endris 17
Chains
Fastening of Roller Chains

Fig.3.13 Fastening of Roller Chains


By:Mohammed Endris 18
Load Suspension Appliances

Fig.3.16 Determining The Forces


By:Mohammed Endris Acting in Single Legs 19
By:Mohammed Endris 20
Hemp Rope Slings
• Hemp ropes are more flexible than wire ropes and as a result they can
easily be tied into knots.
• This makes the application of rigidly twisted white hemp ropes, for
suspending loads on crane hooks, wider.

By:Mohammed Endris 21
Chain Slings

By:Mohammed Endris 22
Steel wire rope slings
• Steel wire rope slings are used for handling heavy loads
(Fig.3.19).
• Care must be taken when handling objects with sharp edges so
as not to damage the slings.
• Thus it is recommended to use safety factor K >10 if rope slings
are passed around the load and K>6 for sling which do not
encircle the load .

By:Mohammed Endris 23
Thanks
By:Mohammed Endris 24

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