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6-Data Processing

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6-Data Processing

data

Uploaded by

franc006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Business Research Methods

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS

Lecture:
Data Processing
Business Research Methods
Data Processing Defined:
Is the activity of organizing data so that they are presented in the format which
can make them be analyzed.

The processing of data begins with sorting of raw data and/or information
contained in the questionnaires, tapes or note books. These constitute
data/information just collected from the field.

Forms/Types of Data Processing


There are two forms/types of data processing

1. Manual Data Processing (MDP)


Is the processing of data using traditional methods. It involves the use of
calculators in the process.
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Steps/Activities involved in Manual Data Processing:


• Coding – refers to the assigning of a number, i.e. a code to different
responses provided by the respondent/interviewee.
Coding is done for all the questions in the questionnaires
Different colour pen is used while coding
• Tallying – refers to clustering like/similar responses using tallies
• Tabulation – refers to transferring the tallies into numbers and entering the
same into tables.
NB: It is when data are in the table that other processes such as
calculation of required statistical parameters such as total,
averages, percentages etc. can be done
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NB:
MDP is a method still used in some organizations though the pace of using
electronic data processing methods is on the increase/dominates.

Manual Data Processing:


• Takes longer time and hence not suitable for huge volumes of data.
• It is rigorous and require much planning and understanding of statistical
applications (formulae and the inference of results obtained).
• It is less accurate as it allows for chances for human error.
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2. Electronic Data Processing (EDP)


Other than processing research data manually, the same data may be processed
faster and with more accuracy though the use of computers.
Stages in processing data using the computer packages/software:
(i) The researcher has to determine the computer package to be used
for data processing so that it is considered when constructing
research tools
(ii) Develop the Coding Structure for the questionnaires- this is the
document that indicate all responses with their respective codes.

For a Structured Questionnaire coding structure shall follow the


alternative responses as provided in the questionnaires
For a Semi-Structured Questionnaire CODING is indispensable!
(iii) Code the responses – according to the Coding Structure
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(iv) Preparation of the Spreadsheet (SPSS?)
Prepare the spreadsheet for data entry. The spreadsheet should accommodate
all information collected as designated by the questionnaires used. It is made
using all the study variables (variable view)
NB:
The know how of the spreadsheet making varies with the package used.
(v) Data Entry:
Is the process of keying-in the data into the computer. Care is needed to enter
the right response to the right variable cell.
(vi) Data Cleaning:
Review your data by casual verifying of responses/data entered.
Try running some frequencies to establish whether results/output make sense. If
they do then the data are clean! If not go to the right number of
respondent/questionnaire to correct the error.
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(v) Plan the Analysis Format:


Base on the main research questions to select those questions
which answer these questions.
Choose the questions to be cross-tabbed for establishing
relationships among variables.
(vi) Run Frequencies for all Variables Individually
This should be done after deciding about the following:
(a) statistical parameters to include (mean, mode, standard
deviation, skewness, etc.)
(b) type of visual presentations then RUN!

(ii) Run cross-tabs for selected variables (choose parameters and


visuals)
(vii) Transfer all the Outputs to the MSWord by copying tables and visuals
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Electronic Data Processing


• is both faster and accurate!

• It accommodates huge volumes of data.


• It is worth and imperative using it.

• Hands-on session is necessary for imparting the necessary computer skills to


the learners.

• Skills on specific computer packages for researchers is basic for effective


utilization of modern data processing technologies.

THE END
Business Research Methods

REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What do you understand by the term Data processing? Explain
on its importance in Research.
2. Explain in details on how you would go about processing data
for your study using manual method.
3. Explain in details on how you would go about processing data
for your study using electronic data processing.
4. Differentiate between manual and electronic data processing
methods as used in research.
5. “Data Cleaning is indispensable in the modern world” Argue
6. What are the advantages of EDP as compared to MDP methods?

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