INSTITUTE - UIE

DEPARTMENT – AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Engineering (Automobile Engineering)
Subject - Automotive Electronics
Subject Code – AEO-361
Prepared By: Deepak Kapila (E1539)

UNIT-2, CHAPTER-2.2 DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

MESUREMENT SYSTEMS
 Topics to be covered
 Thermometer
 Bimetal Thermometer
 Expansion Thermometer
 Gas Actuated Thermometer
 Machine Glass Thermometer
 Thermister
 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor

2
 Thermometer
 A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or
a temperature gradient. A thermometer has two important elements:
 (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass
thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with
temperature, and
 (2) some means of converting this physical change into a numerical
value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass
thermometer).
 Thermometers are widely used in industry to control and regulate
processes, in the study of weather, in medicine, and in scientific
research.
3
Continue….
 There are various principles by which different thermometers
operate. They include the thermal expansion of solids or liquids with
temperature, and the change in pressure of a gas on heating or
cooling. Radiation-type thermometers measure the infrared energy
emitted by an object, allowing measurement of temperature without
contact. Most metals are good conductors of heat and they are solids
at room temperature. Mercury is the only one in liquid state at room
temperature, and has high coefficient of expansion. Hence, the
slightest change in temperature is notable when it's used in a
thermometer. This is the reason behind mercury and alcohol being
used in thermometer.
4
 Bimetal Temperature Gauge
 Bimetal temperature gauges operate with a measuring system in the form of a
helical or spiral tube.
 The measuring system consists of two sheets with different expansion
coefficients, which are inseparably joined.
 The mechanical deformation of the bimetal strips into the tube shapes
mentioned above results in a rotational movement, caused by temperature
changes.
 If one end of the bimetal measuring system is firmly clamped, the other end will
rotate the pointer shaft.
 Bimetal temperature gauges are available with a scale range of -70 ... +600 °C in
accuracy classes 1 and 2.

5
Continue….

6
 Expansion Temperature Gauge
 An expansion temperature gauge consists of a temperature sensor, a
capillary and a Bourdon tube.
 The measuring system itself is filled with a liquid. If the temperature
changes, the internal pressure of the thermometer will change as
well.
 The pressure is transferred via a tube to a pointer shaft and thus the
temperature value is indicated on the scale.
 Using capillaries from 500 to 10,000 mm long, measurements can also
be taken from remote measuring points. The scale ranges for
expansion temperature gauges lie between -40 ... +400 ° C with class
1 and 2.
7
 Gas Actuated Temperature Gauge
 With a gas-actuated temperature gauge the stem, the capillary and
the Bourdon tube are joined together into one unit.
 The instrument is filled with inert gas. If the temperature changes,
the internal pressure will also change.
 The pointer is moved by the action of the pressure via a measuring
tube.
 To compensate for the ambient temperature, a bimetal element is
mounted between the movement and the measuring tube. Gas-
actuated temperature gauges are available with scale ranges between
-200 ... +700 °C in accuracy class 1.
8
 Machine Glass Temperature Gauge
 These temperature gauges are suitable for the monitoring of
temperatures in gases, vapors and liquids in vessels and pipelines.
 The thermometer is housed in a case with a cutout for the scale
display.
 Machine glass thermometers are often used with a V-shaped case.

9
Continue….

10
 Thermistor
 A thermistor is an element with an electrical resistance that changes
in response to temperature.
 This name is derived from the more descriptive term “thermally
sensitive resistor,” the original name for these devices.
 Thermistors were first discovered by Michael Faraday in 1833,
although commercially useful thermistors weren’t manufactured until
1930.
 They’re now widely used in a variety of electronic applications, most
often as temperature sensors. Additional uses of thermistors include
current limiters, current protectors and heating elements.
11
Continue….
 Thermistors are a type of semiconductor, meaning they have greater
resistance than conducting materials, but lower resistance than
insulating materials.
 The relationship between a thermistor’s temperature and its
resistance is highly dependent upon the materials from which it’s
composed.
 The manufacturer typically determines this property with a high
degree of accuracy, as this is the primary characteristic of interest to
thermistor buyers.

12
Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
 The coolant temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature
of the engine coolant of an internal combustion engine.
 The readings from this sensor are then fed back to the Engine control
unit (ECU), which uses this data to adjust the fuel
injection and ignition timing.
 On some vehicles the sensor may also be used to switch on the
electric cooling fan.
 The data may also be used to provide readings for a coolant
temperature gauge on the dashboard.

13
 Sensor Types
As the sensor's temperature changes, its resistance changes
accordingly. Depending on the type of sensor, the resistance will
either increase or decrease.
• In negative temperature coefficient (NTC) sensors, the internal
resistance will decrease as the temperature rises (and vice versa).
• In a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) sensor, the opposite is
true. Its resistance will increase with rising temperature.
• Most automotive coolant temperature sensors are NTC sensors.

14
 Operation
 The ECU sends out a regulated reference voltage (typically 5 volts) to
the coolant temperature sensor.
 The voltage drop across the sensor will change according to the
temperature because its resistance changes.
 The ECU is then able to calculate the temperature of the engine, and
then (with inputs from other engine sensors) uses lookup tables to
carry out adjustments to the engine actuators, i.e. change the fuel
injection or ignition timing.
 This is necessary because in order to run smoothly, a cold engine
requires different timing and fuel mixture than an engine at operating
temperature.
15
 How Car temperature Sensor
Works?
 On most vehicles, the coolant temperature sensor (CTS) can be found
somewhere near the engine thermostat, which allows it to function
optimally. The tip of the CTS is probably located right next to the
engine coolant.
 The sensor works by measuring the temperature that’s being given off
by the thermostat and/or the coolant itself. The temperature is then
sent to the on-board control system.

16
Continue….
 From there, your vehicle’s computer will use this temperature
information to either continue operating or adjust certain engine
functions, always working to keep the engine temperature at an ideal
level.
 As the control system receives the temperature from the CTS, it may
trigger the cooling fan to either shut off or turn on. Additionally, it
may signal the need for a richer fuel mixture or open the exhaust gas
recirculation.

17
 When the Car Temperature Sensor Goes
Bad?
 As with any other component in your car, the sensor can go bad over time
and fall into disrepair. This can cause a range of problems, including
overheating the engine.
 If you know where the engine sensor is and what it looks like, you can
conduct a visual inspection to see if it has developed any cracks or fissures.
While this visual check can be helpful, it won’t help you diagnose every
possible problem as some sensor malfunctions can present without visual
evidence.
 Generally speaking, if your sensor is not working, it will send a signal to the
computer and your Check Engine light will be illuminated. If you see the
Check Engine sign light up, take your car in for professional servicing right
away.
18
 Assessment Pattern

Pattern of assessment is described in following phases:

Phase-1: Conduct of Surprise test for students
Phase-2: Conduct of MCQ Test for students
Phase-3: Two Mid Semester Tests
Phase-4: VIVA VOCE

19
THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]