INSTITUTE - UIE

DEPARTMENT – AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Engineering (Automobile Engineering)
Subject - Automotive Electronics
Subject Code – AEO-361
Prepared By: Deepak Kapila (E1539)

UNIT-2, CHAPTER-2.2 DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

MESUREMENT SYSTEMS
 Topics to be covered
 Throttle
 Throttle Body
 Throttle Position Sensor
 Thrust Lever

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 Throttle
 A throttle is the mechanism by which fluid flow is managed
by constriction or obstruction.
 An engine's power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet
gases (i.e., by the use of a throttle), but usually decreased.
 The term throttle has come to refer, informally and incorrectly, to any
mechanism by which the power or speed of an engine is regulated.
 What is often termed a throttle (in an aviation context) is more correctly
called a thrust lever, particularly for jet engine powered aircraft.
 For a steam engine, the steam valve that sets the engine speed/power is
often known as a regulator.

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Continue….
 In a petrol/gasoline internal combustion engine, the throttle is a valve
that directly adjusts the amount of air entering the engine, indirectly
controlling the charge (fuel + air) burned on each cycle due to
the fuel-injector or carburetor maintaining a relatively constant
fuel/air ratio.
 In a motor vehicle the control used by the driver to regulate power is
sometimes called the throttle pedal, as it controls the throttle
opening, although "accelerator pedal" is more accurate, since not all
vehicles have throttles.

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Continue….
 A diesel engine does not have a throttle except there is a throttle valve on the
newer diesel engines which is generally referred to as air management valves.
 Air management valves can be with or without integrated control electronics.
 Air management valves throttle the intake air in the intake air system of diesel
engines via electromotive means in order to achieve precision controlled
exhaust gas recirculation and prevent the inconvenient shaking that would
otherwise occur when the engine is switched off.
 The power level of a diesel is controlled by regulating the fuel flow into the
engine, thus "throttle" and "gas pedal" are both inaccurate terms when
applied to any modern computerized engine, diesel or not.

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Continue….
 The throttle is typically a butterfly valve. In a fuel-injected engine, the
throttle valve is placed on the entrance of the intake manifold, or
housed in the throttle body. In a carbureted engine, it is found in the
carburetor.
 When a throttle is wide open, the intake manifold is usually at
ambient atmospheric pressure. When the throttle is partially closed,
a manifold vacuum develops as the intake drops below ambient
pressure.

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 Continue….
 Usually, the throttle valve is controlled with a throttle pedal or lever via a
direct mechanical linkage.
 In vehicles with electronic throttle control, the manual throttle control sends a
signal to the Engine Control Unit (ECU), which then directly controls the position
of the throttle valve.
 This means that the operator does not have direct control over the throttle valve;
the ECU can finely control the valve in order to reduce emissions or maximize
performance.

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 Throttle Body
 In fuel injected engines, the throttle body is the part of the air intake
system that controls the amount of air flowing into the engine, in
response to driver accelerator pedal input in the main.
 The throttle body is usually located between the air filter box and
the intake manifold, and it is usually attached to, or near, the mass
airflow sensor.
 The largest piece inside the throttle body is the throttle plate, which is
a butterfly valve that regulates the airflow.

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Continue….
 On many cars, the accelerator pedal motion is communicated via the
throttle cable, to activate the throttle linkages, which move the
throttle plate.
 In cars with electronic throttle control (also known as "drive-by-
wire"), an electric motor controls the throttle linkages and the
accelerator pedal connects not to the throttle body, but to a sensor,
which sends the pedal position to the Engine Control Unit (ECU).
 The ECU determines the throttle opening based on accelerator pedal
position and inputs from other engine sensors.

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Continue….
 When the driver presses on the accelerator pedal, the throttle plate rotates
within the throttle body, opening the throttle passage to allow more air
into the intake manifold.
 Usually an airflow sensor measures this change and communicates with
the ECU. The ECU then increases the amount of fuel being sent to the fuel
injectors in order to obtain the desired air-fuel ratio.
 Often a throttle position sensor (TPS) is connected to the shaft of the
throttle plate to provide the ECU with information on whether the throttle
is in the idle position, wide-open throttle (WOT) position, or somewhere in
between these extremes.

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 Throttle Position Sensor
 A throttle position sensor (TPS) is a sensor used to monitor the throttle
position of a vehicle.
 The sensor is usually located on the butterfly spindle/shaft so that it can
directly monitor the position of the throttle.
 More advanced forms of the sensor are also used, for example an
extra closed throttle position sensor (CTPS) may be employed to indicate
that the throttle is completely closed.
 Some engine control units (ECUs) also control the throttle
position electronic throttle control (ETC) or "drive by wire" systems and if
that is done the position sensor is used in a feedback loop to enable that
control.
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Continue….
 Related to the TPS are accelerator pedal sensors, which often include a wide
open throttle (WOT) sensor. The accelerator pedal sensors are used in electronic
throttle control (ETC) or "drive by wire" systems, and the most common use of a
wide open throttle sensor is for the kick-down function on automatic
transmissions.
 Modern day sensors are non contact type. These modern non contact TPS
include Hall effect sensors, Inductive sensors, magnetoresistive and others.
 In the potentiometric type sensors, a multi-finger metal brush/rake is in contact
with a resistive strip, while the butterfly valve is turned from the lower
mechanical stop (minimum air position) to WOT, there is a change in the
resistance and this change in resistance is given as the input to the ECU.

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Continue….
 Non contact type TPS work on the principle of Hall effect or Inductive
sensors, or magnetoresistive technologies, wherein generally the
magnet or inductive loop is the dynamic part which is mounted on
the butterfly valve throttle spindle/shaft gear and the sensor & signal
processing circuit board is mounted within the ETC gear box cover and
is stationary.
 When the magnet/inductive loop mounted on the spindle which is
rotated from the lower mechanical stop to WOT, there is a change in
the magnetic field for the sensor. The change in the magnetic field is
sensed by the sensor and the voltage generated is given as the input
to the ECU.
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 Thrust Lever
 Thrust levers or power levers are found in the cockpit of aircraft, and are
used by the pilot, copilot, or autopilot to control the thrust output of the
aircraft's engines.
 In multi-engine aircraft, each thrust lever displays the engine number of
the engine it controls.
 Normally, there is one thrust lever for each engine. The thrust levers are
normally found in the aircraft's center console, or on the dashboard of
smaller aircraft.
 For aircraft equipped with thrust reversers, the control for each thrust
reverser is usually found adjacent to the corresponding engine's thrust
lever.
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Continue….
 The position of each lever can be described by the current angle
indicated. This is referred to as the Throttle Lever Angle or TLA. The
greater the TLA, the greater the engine thrust.

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 Assessment Pattern

Pattern of assessment is described in following phases:

Phase-1: Conduct of Surprise test for students
Phase-2: Conduct of MCQ Test for students
Phase-3: Two Mid Semester Tests
Phase-4: VIVA VOCE

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THANK YOU

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