perception 14 Feb.

2022

1
PRESENTED BY:

Mehar Raique Sajjad 21020920-116​

Aiman Irfan 21020920-074

Humail Zulfiqar 21021020-080

M Zain Abdullah 21020920-135

M Abdullah 21020920-125

Muhammad Ali Raza 21020920-124

Minahal abbas 21020920-063

PERCEPTION
N a tu re an d f ac to r of Pe rc e p tio n
 perception 14 FEB. 2022

PERCEPTION

Introduction To Perception

Difference B/W Sensation And Perception

Types Of Perception

Impacts Of Perception

Factors That Influence Perception

 14 Feb. 2022

4 INTRODUCTION
• ​The word perception comes from
the Latin word “Percipio” meaning
“Receiving, collecting, action of
taking possession “.
• “A process by which individuals
organize and interpret. Their
sensory impressions in order to
give meaning To their environment”
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PERCEPTION
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• People’s actions, emotions, thoughts and feelings are triggered by

their perceptions of their surroundings.
• In various ways, perception management combines truth
projection, operations security, cover and deception, and
psychological operations.
• Perception is an almost automatic process and works in the same
way within each individual, yet it typically yields different
perceptions.
 P E RC E P T I O N 14 Feb. 2022

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PERCEPTION

• Perception is sub ejective , active and creative process through

which we assign meaning to sensory information to understand
ourselves and others.
• It is the process by which an organism detects and interprets
information from the external world by means of sensory
receptors.
• Perception is very important in understanding human behaviour
because every person perceives the world and approaches life
problems differently.
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EXAMPLE

Whenever we see or feel is not

necessarily the same as it really is.
When we buy something, it is not
because it is the best ,but because we
take it to be the best.
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DIFFERENCE B/W SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

• Sensation involves the relay of information from sensory receptors to

the brain and enables a person to experience the world around them.
• The process through which the brain organizes and interprets stimuli is
known as perception
• “Perception refers to the interpretation of sensory
data. In other words, sensation involves detecting the
presence of a stimulus whereas perception involves
understanding what the stimulus means. ... This visual
image of the external thing becomes perception when it
is interpreted in the visual cortex of the brain.”
 KINDS OF PERCEPTION
P E RC E P T I O N 14 FEB. 2022

We perceive objects in different manners

Objects may be moving or static

Lets look at:

1. Form Perception
2. Size Perception/Perceptual Constancy
3. Motion Perception
4. Depth Perception
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10 A. FORM
PERCEPTION

• ​ We
are familiar to
organizing things
in our mind into a
form, shape , a
melody or a scene
that makes up a
meaningful whole.
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FORM PERCEPTION
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• Figure/ground:
We see objects and forms of everyday experience as standing out
from the background. E.g., a clock hanging on the wall is perceived as
the figure, while the wall is the background. Our first perceptual
decision is what is the image is the figure and what is the background.
• Similarity:
The tendency to group together those elements that are similar in
appearance.
• Proximity:
The tendency to group together those elements that are near to each
other in appearance.
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FORM PERCEPTION
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• Closure:
The tendency to group according to enclosed or complete figures
rather than open or incomplete ones
• Simplicity:
The tendency to perceive a pattern in the most
basic ,straightforward ,organized manner.
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B. SIZE PERCEPTION

• ​Size perception perceive

objects in a consistent
manner despite the
changing sensations that
are received by our senses.
Visual an important role in
the development of
constancy. Once we know
that certain objects have
certain characteristics ,we
tend to perceive them in
the same way, regardless
of the conditions.
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TYPES OF PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY/SIZE PERCEPTION

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There are several types of perceptual constancy, but the
three primary types are size, shape and color. That is, an
observer’s recognition of an object can remain constant
even if the objects size, shape, color, or brightness may
appear to change
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1. SIZE CONSTANCY
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• Within the field of psychology, size constancy is the
ability of an observer to perceive an object from various
or changing distances where the object can appear to
be different sizes, but then be able to recognize and
perceive the object as it is and for its actual size. That
is, the object observed from different distances is
perceived to have a constant size.
• Example:-
Within a certain range, objects are perceived to remain
the same size regardless of changes in the size of the
retinal image or distance. For example, no matter how far
away from you a door is, you still perceive it as having a
constant size.
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1. SIZE CONSTANCY
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 perception 14 FEB. 2022

2. SHAPE CONSTANCY
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• Shape constancy is the
tendency for a familiar
object’s shape to be
perceived as constant when
observed from various
angles, positions and
orientations. For example, a
family will perceive their
rectangular dining room
table as having a constant
rectangular shape no
matter the angle they are
observing it from.
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3. COLOR CONSTANCY
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• Color constancy refers
to the fact that an
objects color is
perceived as similar
under a variety of
conditions, regardless
of the light source. For
example, a red apple
will still look red on a
sunny day or cloudy
day – or in a grocery
store or a home.
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19 C. MOTION
PERCEPTION

• Motion Perception; Motion is perceived

by following the progressive change of
an object’s position in space with time.
It has two types:-
• Real Motion:The perception of the
actual movement of objects in the
world is termed as“real motion
perception”.
• For example :-
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MOTION PERCEPTION
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• we perceive motion if we hold our heads and eyes still as a moving
object passes in front of us. ... By real movement I mean that the
physical stimulus is actually moving and we perceive it as moving. It is
possible to perceive motion when the stimulus is not moving.
• Apparent Motion:
It is movement perceived in the absence of physical movement of an
image across the retina.
For example:-
The flashing lights on a cinema marquee, which seem to move inward
toward the lobby and entice us to follow them
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21 D. DEPTH
PERCEPTION

• The ability to judge the distance of

objects and the spatial relationship of
objects at different distances.
• For example:-
• An example of depth perception in
normal life would be if someone is
walking towards you, a person with
accurate depth perception is able to tell
when the person is about five feet away
from them. However, someone with
lacking depth perception is not able to
accurately perceive how far away the
person is.
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IMPACT OF PERCEPTION
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• In order to see the impact of perception , it can be helpful to look
at how the process work . this varies somewhat for every sense. In
case of visual perception
• The environmental stimulus:
The world is full of stimuli that can attract attention through various
senses. The environmental stimulus is everything in the environment
that has the potential to be perceived.
• The attended stimulus:
The attended stimulus is the specific object in the environment on
which attention is focused.
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IMPACT OF PERCEPTION
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• The image on the retina:
This involves light actually passing through the cornea and pupil and
onto the lens of the eyes. The cornea helps focus the light as it enter
the eye, and the iris of the eye controls the size of the pupils in order
to determine how much light to let in. the cornea and lens act
together to project an inverted image onto the retina.
• Transduction :
The image on retina is then transformed into electrical signals in a
process known as transduction. This allows the visual messages to be
transmitted to the brain to be interpreted
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IMPACT OF PERCEPTION
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• Neural processing :
The electrical signals then undergo neural processing . the path
followed by a particular signal depends on what type of signal it is
(i.e.an auditory signal or a visual signal).
• Perception :
In this step of the process, you perceive the stimulus object in the
environment. It is at this point that you become consciously aware of
the stimulus.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTION

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Different people perceive different thing about the same situation
differently. But more than that we assign different meanings to what we
perceive and the meanings might change one’s perspective or simply
make things mean something else. Following factors influence the
perceptual mechanism or the process of perception:

1. External Factors
2. Internal Factors
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EXTERNAL FACTORS
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These factors include the characteristics of perceived object. These are :
A. Intensity :-
The intensity states that more intense the situations, the more likely it is
to be perceived. The greater the intensity of stimulus, the more likely it
will be notices.
For example,
loud noises will be noticed more than a soft sound
B. Size :-
Size plays an important role in perception. The bigger the size of the
perceived object, higher is the probability that it is perceived.The bigger
the size of perceived stimulus, higher is the probability that it is
perceived.
For example,
we see hundreds and thousands of people on the road, but we always
remember the ones who are usually tall.
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EXTERNAL FACTORS
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C. Frequency :-
A repeated external object/stimulus gets more attention than a single one
does. A situation that is repeated has a chance of catching our attention.
For example,
we remember the advertisement that is repeated again and again.
D. Repetition :-
A repeated message is more likely to be perceived than a single
message. Work instructions that are repeated tend to be received better.
Example:-
Marketing managers and advertisers use this principle in order to get the
customer’s attention.
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EXTERNAL FACTORS
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E. Novelty and Familiarity :-
The principle states that either the familiar or the novel factor can get
attention easily. New objects in a familiar setting or familiar objects in a
new setting will draw attention. Example:-
People quickly notice an elephant walking along a city street. Similarly,
among a group of people walking towards us, we are most likely to
perceive the face of friend in the crowd. People with unusual clothing will
be attention getters.
F. Movement :-
People pay more attention to moving things than that of the stationary
ones.
For example,
people are more attracted by flying airplanes than a stationary one in the
airport.
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EXTERNAL FACTORS
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G. Contrast:-
Stimuli that contrast with the surrounding environment are more likely to
be selected for attention than the stimuli that blend in. a contrasting
effect can be caused by color / size or any other factor that is unusual.
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INTERNAL FACTORS
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These factors are related to the characteristics of the perceiver. These
factors include:
A. Needs and Desires:-
An individual’s perception about something or somebody is influenced by
his needs and desires at a particular time. Perception of a frustrated person
would be entirely different from that of a happy going person. People at
different levels of needs and desires perceive the same thing differently.
B. Experience:-
Experience and knowledge have a constant bearing on perception.
Successful experiences enhance and boost the perceptive ability and lead
to accuracy in perception of a person whereas failure erodes self-
confidence.
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INTERNAL FACTORS
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C. Learning :-
Learning is an important factor in developing perceptual sets. This is also
known as cognitive awareness by which the mind organizes information and
forms images and compares them with previous exposures to similar stimuli.
D. Personality:
Personality is one area where individual differences are significant.
Optimistic people always perceive things favorable but pessimistic people
always perceive things unfavorable. Research on the effects of individual
personality on perception reveals many truths. These are:
• Persons who accept themselves and have faith in their individuality
perceive things favorably.
• Thoughtful individuals do not expose by expressing extreme judgments of
others.
• Secure individuals tends to perceive others as warm, not cold.
 perception 14 FEB. 2022

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At Contoso, we believe in giving 110%. By using

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SUMMARY We thrive because of our market knowledge and
great team behind our product. As our CEO says,
"Effi ciencies will come from proactively
transforming how we do business."​
 perception 14 FEB. 2022

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THANK YOU

Ra i q u e S a j j a d

Aiman Irfan ​

r a i q u e s a j j a d @ g m a i l . c o m​