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Levels of Prevention

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26 views28 pages

Levels of Prevention

Uploaded by

the real comedians
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LEVELS OF

PREVENTION
Levels of Prevention
1) Primordial prevention

• Prevention of the emergence of risk factors


in population in which they have not yet
appeared
• It is primary prevention in purest sense
• Best level of prevention for Non-
Communicable diseases
Modes of intervention of Primary prevention:
Education
Examples:
i. Childhood obesity prevention through
education
ii. Education on maintenance of normal body
weight, preservation of lifestyle, primitive
nutritional habits for prevention of
myocardial infarction
iii. Education on benefits of salt restriction for
prevention of CAD
2) Primary prevention

- Action taken prior to the onset of disease


- Intervention done in prepathogenesis phase
of disease
- Based on elimination of risk factors
- Removes the possibility that a disease will
ever occur
Modes of intervention
i. Health promotion

a) Health education:
• Through health care providers, community leaders, decision
makers
Example-Marriage counseling (Disease carriers), Cancer
education (Family history)

b) Environmental modification
Example- Provision of safe water (portable safe water
supply). Installation of sanitary latrines ,Insecticidal spray &
rodents' control & Improvement of housing
c) Nutritional Intervention
Food fortification, nutritional education, child
feeding program
Example-high fiber diet to prevent obesity,
dietary salt reduction, pasteurization of milk

d) Lifestyle and behavioual changes


Changing habits & behavior of the patients
Example-Control of tobacco, exercise promotion,
weight reduction
ii. Specific protection

Approaches
i. Mass startegy – for whole population
ii. High risk strategy – For individual at risk
Examples of specific protection :
1. Prospective screening (for people who can spread
disease )is a Primary level of prevention
e.g.-Screening of immigrants, HIV screening among
sex workers
2.Immunization/vaccines
3.Chemoprophylaxis/Vitamin A prophylaxis
4.contraceptives use of condoms
5.lodization of salt
• Defluorination of water
• Protection against occupational hazards &
accidents(helmets/seatbelts)
• Desks provided with table top to prevent neck
problem
• National Iron plus initiatives, mosquito bed nets
• Radiation protection
• Wearing of goggles by welders
3. Secondary prevention

-Action taken to halt the progress of a disease at its


incipient stage & prevents complications
-Intervention done in Early pathogenesis phase
- More expensive(Disease already occurred so
diagnosis and treatment will incur expenses) &
less effective than primary prevention.
- Target group in secondary prevention is patients
- Early diagnosis & treatment is the best level of
prevention for breast cancer
• Modes of intervention:

i. Early diagnosis

• Screening test-
Prescriptive screening is a Secondary level of
prevention
- Pap smear self breast examination ,monitoring of BP
• Diagnostic tests- sputum smear for AFB, Peripheral
smear for MP

ii. Treatment -DOTS, MDT


 Mass treatment

• Used when 1 clinical case of active disease can


give at least 5 latent cases in a community
• Used in control of-Yaws, Trachoma,filaria
• Variants- total mass treatment, juvenile mass
treatment, selective mass treatment
Examples of secondary prevention:
National health
programs, contact tracing of STIs, Case finding
for malaria, Health screening for diabetes
• 4. Tertiary prevention

- Action taken to limit the impairment &


disabilities
- Intervention done in Late pathogenesis phase of
disease

- Modes of Interventions
1.Disability limitation
2. Rehabilitation
1.Disability limitation-
Prevents transition of disease from impairment
to handicap.

Example-
- Spectacles for refractory error ,
- Physiotherapy in poliomyelitis,)
-Resting limb in neutral position in
polio (helps to prevent
overstretching of paralyzed muscles,
thereby limits further disability
Disease Impairement Disability Handicap
a. Disease-Any abnormal condition of an organism that impairs
function

b. Impairment- Any loss of anatomical structure or physiological


function
Example -loss of foot, defective vision

c. Disability- (Because of impairment) Any restriction or inability to


perform an activity in a range considered normal for a human
being
Example-Unable to walk

d. Handicap- A Disadvantages for a given individuals resulting from


an impairment or disability that limits/prevents fulfillment of a
role considered normal for that individual
• Examples –
• Accident -----Disease
• Loss of foot -----Impairement
• Cannot walk ----Disability
• Unemployed ----Handicap
ii. Rehabilitation
• Combined & coordinated use of medical, social, educational &
vocational measure for training & retraining of individual to the
highest possible level of functional ability

• Types
a. Medical rehabilitation- Restoration of function
b. Vocational rehabilitation -Restoration of capacity to earn livelihood
c. Social rehabilitation- Restoration of family & social relation
d. Psychological rehabilitation -Restoration of personal dignity &
confidence

Examples-Establishing schools for blind, Graded exercises in polio,


Reconstructive surgery in leprosy, Crutches in poliomyelitis

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