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FM Lectures

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22 views32 pages

FM Lectures

Gdgdgdg vddg

Uploaded by

fawazahmed408
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Mechanics I

by
Engr. Fawad Khan

UET Peshawar Jalozai Campus


System Approach:
System Approach:
The study of motion of an individual fluid particle or group of
particles as they move through space is called system approach.
Advantage:
Newton laws are applicable to matters and hence can be directly
applied to the system.
Disadvantage:
The math associated with this approach can become somewhat
complicated, usually leading to a set of partial differential
equations.
The system approach is needed when the interest is to study the
trajectory of particles over time, e.g. pollution studies.
Control volume Approach:
Control volume Approach:
The study of a region of space as fluid flows through it, is called
control volume approach.
This approach has a very practical application e.g. in
aerodynamics we are usually interested in the lift and drag on a
wing ( which we select as part of the control volume) rather than
what happens to individual fluid particles.
Disadvantage:
The physical laws apply to matter and not directly to regions of
space,, so we have to preform some math to convert physical
laws from their system formulation to a control volume
formulation.
Relation of System Derivatives to the
control volume formulation.
A general relation can be develop to consider
symbol N representing amount of stuff ( Mass,
momentum, energy, entropy etc. also
corresponding to these extensive properties we
will need intensive properties as well (per unit
mass) i.e. η
Lets imagine an arbitrary piece of flowing fluid at some time t0 as shown. This
initial shape of fluid system is chosen as our control volume, which is fixed in
space relative to coordinates xyz. After an infinitesimal time Δt the system will
have moved (probably changing shape as it does so) to a new location, as
shown. As according to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of this
system will be constant. Now by examining the geometry of the
system/control volume pair at t =t0 and t = t0+ Δt , we will be able to obtain
control volume formulation of the basic laws.
In given fig the system which was entirely within the control volume at time
t0 is partially out of the control volume at time to+ Δt.
There are three region I, II and III
Region I & II make up the control volume.
Region III & II is the location of
The system at time t0+ Δt.

Our objective is to relate the


Rate of change of any arbitrary
Extensive property, N, of the
System to quantities associated
With the control volume.
From def of derivatives the rate of change of Nsystem is given by:
Conservation of Mass
Special Cases
Incompressible Flow:
Momentum Equation
Newton 2nd law for a system moving relative to an inertial
coordinate system is:
Chapter 5: Introduction to differential
analysis of fluid motion
Integral equations are useful when we are interested in
the gross behavior of a flow field and its effect on
various devices. However, the integral approach does
not enable us to obtain detailed point by point
knowledge of the flow field. For example, the integral
approach could provide information on the lift
generated by a wing; it could not be used to determine
the pressure distribution that produced the lift on the
wing.
In rectangular coordinates, the control volume chosen
is an infinitesimal cube with sides of length dx, dy, dz as
shown in fig.

The density at the center, o, of the control volume is


assumed to be rho and velocity there is assumed to be
V = Ui + vj +wk.
To evaluate the properties at each of the six faces of
the control surface, we use a Taylor series expansion
about point O. e.g.
Chapter 07: Dynamics of Fluid Flow
Hydraulic Energy:
There are three types of energy associated with the flow of fluid.
• Kinetic Energy: Due to velocity of the fluid
• Potential Energy: Due to position of fluid w.r.t som datum line
• Pressure Energy ( flow energy): Deu to the pressure of the fluid.
Energy flow rate: it is the total energy of fluid flowing per unit time. Its unit is
N-m/s
Rate of Kinetic energy: ½ ṁ v2
Rate of potential energy: ṁ g z
Rate of pressure energy : PQ
Hydraulic Energy: it is the summation of three types of energy

Hydraulic Energy = ½ ṁv2 +ṁgz + Pṁ/ρ


• Hydraulic Head: H:
It is defined as the hydrualic energy per unit
weight flow rate:
H= H.E/ṁg = ṁg/ṁg (v2/2g + z + P/ γ )
H = ( v2/2g + z + P/ γ ) m
Kinetic head = v2/2g
Potential head = z
Pressure head = P/ γ
Bernoullies Equation:
The total hydraulic head for steady and incompressible flow
remains constant at different section in a continuous flow.
Let us consider the flow through the stream tube shown in fig.
the fluid enters the tube at the end A and leaves at end B. in a
small interval dt of the time, the weight of the fluid entering the
tube at is equal to (γds1 dA1 ) in the same interval of time the
weight of the liquid leaving the tube at B is (γds2 dA2 ).
The law of conservation of energy states that energy entering
the control volume plus work done = energy leaving the control
volume.

The Bernoulli’s equation derived on the basis of some


assumptions i.e the fluid is ideal which means the fluid has no
friction
If the real fluid is considered then some energy will be loss in the
form of friction energy
Hf =loss of head = loss of energy per unit weight flow rate. So
bernoulli’s equation will be:

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