CHT131

(Chemical Engineering Calculations for

Technologists)

Textbook: Himmelblau, D.M.; Riggs, J.B., Principles

of Chemical Engineering, 7th ed., Pearson
Education Inc, 2005

Asso. Prof. Dima Franca T. Apao

Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
 UNIT 3
Lesson 1B:
Material Balance Involving
Chemical Reaction
(Combustion Problems) Part 2
 Problem 10.14 (7 th
ed.)
Hydrogen-free carbon in the form of coke is burned:
(a) With complete combustion using theoretical air
(b) With complete combustion using 50% excess air
(c) Using 50% excess air but with 10% of the carbon
burning to CO.
In each case, calculate the gas analysis that will be
found by testing the flue gases on a dry basis.
(a) With complete combustion using theoretical air
Theoretical air
Given: XO2 = 0.21
XN2 = 0.79
Total = 1.00

F (Coke) BURNER
Flue Gas (FG) ? (kmol)
100% C (Complete
CO2 = ?
Combustion)
O2 = ?
Required: Orsat analysis of FG N2 = ?
Total = 1.00
Solution:
Basis: 100 kmol of coke
Reaction: C + O2 → CO2
= (100 kmol C)= 100 kmol
O2 supplied = Theo O2 = 100 kmol
N2 supplied = (100 kmol O2)
 Theoretical air
O2 supplied = Theo O2 = 100 kmol
XO2 = 0.21
XN2 = 0.79 N2 supplied = (100 kmol O2)
Total = 1.00

F (Coke) BURNER Flue Gas (FG) ? (kmol)

100% C (Complete CO2 = ?
Combustion) O2 = ?
N2 = ?
Total = 1.00
C Balance:
C in F = C in FG Orsat Analysis of FG:
100 = (CO2 in FG)
COMPONENT n (kmol) Mol %
CO2 in FG = 100 kmol
CO2 100.00 21.00
N2 Balance:
N2 supplied = N2 in FG N2 376.19 79.00
N2 in FG = 376.19 kmol Total 476.19 100.00
O2 Balance:
ANSWER
O2 supplied = O2 in FG
100 = O2 in CO2 + free O2
100 = (100 kmol CO2) + free O2
free O2 = 0 kmol
(b) With complete combustion using 50% excess air
Air
Given: 50% x’s
XO2 = 0.21
XN2 = 0.79
Total = 1.00

F (Coke) BURNER
Flue Gas (FG) ? (kmol)
100% C (Complete
CO2 = ?
Combustion)
O2 = ?
Required: Orsat analysis of FG N2 = ?
Total = 1.00
Solution:
Basis: 100 kmol of coke
Reaction: C + O2 → CO2
= (100 kmol C)= 100 kmol
x’s O2 = (0.50)(100 kmol) = 50 kmol
O2 supplied = Theo O2 + x’s O2 = 100 + 50 = 150 kmol
N2 supplied = (150 kmol O2)
C Balance: C in F = C in FG
100 = (CO2 in FG)
CO2 in FG = 100 kmol
N2 Balance: N2 supplied = N2 in FG
N2 in FG = 564.29 kmol
O2 Balance: O2 supplied = O2 in FG
150 = O2 in CO2 + free O2
150 = (100 kmol CO2) + free O2
free O2 = 50 kmol
Orsat Analysis of FG:
COMPONENT n (kmol) Mol %
CO2 100.00 14.00
O2 50.00 7.00 ANSWER
N2 564.29 79.00
Total 714.29 100.00
(c) Using 50% excess air but with 10% of the carbon burning to CO.
Air
Given: 50% x’s
XO2 = 0.21
XN2 = 0.79
Total = 1.00

F (Coke)
BURNER
(Incomplete Flue Gas (FG) ? (kmol)
100% C
Combustion) CO2 = ?
CO = ?
10% of C →CO O2 = ?
90% of C →CO2 N2 = ?
Required: Orsat analysis of FG Total = 1.00
Solution:
Basis: 100 kmol of coke
Reaction: C + O2 → CO2
= (100 kmol C)= 100 kmol
x’s O2 = (0.50)(100 kmol) = 50 kmol
O2 supplied = Theo O2 + x’s O2 = 100 + 50 = 150 kmol
N2 supplied = (150 kmol O2)
C Balance: CO in FG = (0.10)(100) = 10 kmol
CO2 in FG = (0.90)(100) = 90 kmol
N2 Balance: N2 supplied = N2 in FG
N2 in FG = 564.29 kmol
O2 Balance: O2 supplied = O2 in FG
150 = O2 in CO2 + O2 in CO + free O2
150 = (90 kmol CO2) + (10 kmol CO)
+ free O2
free O2 = 55 kmol
Orsat Analysis of FG:
COMPONENT n (kmol) Mol %
CO2 90.00 12.51
CO 10.00 1.39
ANSWER
O2 55.00 7.65
N2 564.29 78.45
Total 719.29 100.00
 Problem No. 1/p. 295 (7th ed.)
Pure carbon is burned in oxygen. The flue gas analysis is:
CO2 75%
CO 14%
O2 11%
What was the % excess oxygen used?
Oxygen
% x’s O2 = ?
Given:
BURNER Flue Gas (FG) ? (kmol)
F (Pure C) CO2 = 75%
100% C (Incomplete
Combustion) CO = 14%
O2 = 11%
Required: % x’s O2 Total = 100%
Solution:
Basis: 100 kmol of FG
Reaction: C + O2 → CO2
 Oxygen
% x’s O2 = ?
BURNER Flue Gas (FG) ? (kmol)
F (Pure C) CO2 = 75%
(Incomplete
100% C
Combustion) CO = 14%
Basis: 100 kmol of FG O2 = 11%
Reaction: C + O2 → CO2 Total = 100%
C Balance: Kmol C = C in FG
kmol C = C in CO2 + C in CO
= (75 kmol CO2) + (14 kmol CO)
kmol C = 89 kmol
Theo O2 = (89 kmol C) = 89 kmol
O2 Balance: O2 supplied = O2 in FG
O2 supplied = O2 in CO2 + O2 in CO + free O2
O2 supplied = (75 kmol CO2)+(14 kmol CO)
O2 supplied = 93 kmol
% x’s O2 = = x 100
% x’s O2 = 4.49% (ANSWER)
Problem No. 2, p. 295
(7th ed.)
Toluene, C7H8, is burned with 30% excess air. A bad burner
causes 15% of the carbon to form soot (pure C) deposited on the walls
of the furnace. What is the orsat analysis of the gases leaving the
furnace? Air
Given: 30% x’s

FURNACE
F (Toluene) (Incomplete Flue Gas (FG) ? (kmol)
100% C7H8 Combustion) CO2 = ?
O2 = ?
N2 = ?
15% of C → soot H 2O = ?
Total = 1.00
Required: Orsat analysis of FG
Solution:
Basis: 100 kmol of Toluene
Reaction: C7H8 + 9O2 → 7CO2 + 4H2O
 Basis: 100 kmol of Toluene
Reaction: C7H8 + 9O2 → 7CO2 + 4H2O
= (100 kmol C7H8)= 900 kmol
x’s O2 = (0.30)(900 kmol) = 270 kmol
O2 supplied = Theo O2 + x’s O2 = 900 + 270 = 1,170 kmol
N2 supplied = (1,170 kmol O2)
C Balance:
Unburned C (Soot) = (0.15)(7)(100) = 105 kmol
C in Toluene = Unburned C + C in FG
(7)(100) = 105 + (CO2 in FG)
CO2 in FG = 595 kmol
N2 Balance: Air
30% x’s
N2 supplied = N2 in FG
N2 in FG = 4,401.43 kmol F (Toluene)
FURNACE
(Incomplete Flue Gas (FG) ? (kmol)
H Balance: 100% C7H8 CO2 = ?
Combustion)
H in Toluene = H in FG O2 = ?
(8)(100) = (H2O in FG) N2 = ?
H2O in FG = 400 kmol 15% of C → soot H2O = ?
Total = 1.00
 Air
30% x’s

F (Toluene) FURNACE
Flue Gas (FG) ? (kmol)
100% C7H8 (Incomplete
CO2 = ?
Combustion)
O2 = ?
N2 = ?
15% of C → soot H2O = ?
Total = 1.00
O2 Balance: O2 supplied = O2 in FG
1,170 = O2 in CO2 + free O2 + O2 in H2O
1,170 = (595 kmol CO2) + free O2 + (400 kmol H2O)
free O2 = 375 kmol
Orsat Analysis of FG:
COMPONENT n (kmol) Mol %
CO2 595.00 11.08
O2 375.00 6.98
ANSWER
N2 4,401.43 81.94
Total 5,371.43 100.00
Problem No. 5/p. 295 (7th ed.)
A hydrocarbon fuel is burnt with excess air. The orsat analysis of the flue gas
shows 10.2% CO2, 1.0% CO, 8.4% O2 and 80.4% N2. What is the atomic ratio of H to C
in the fuel?
Given: Air
Flue Gas (FG)
10.2% CO2
FUEL
BURNER
(Incomplete 1.0% CO
Hydrocarbon Combustion) 8.4% O2
CxHy 80.4% N2
Required: Atomic ratio, H/C 100% Total (dry basis)
Solution: (___ % H2O)
Basis: 100 kmol of dry Flue Gas (DFG)
*Note that our basis is now in terms of FG because the composition of FG is given here.
C Balance: C in Fuel = C in FG
C in Fuel = C in CO2 + C in CO
C in Fuel = (10.2 kmol CO2) + (1.0 kmol CO)
C in Fuel = 11.2 kmol
Basis: 100 kmol of dry Flue Gas (DFG)
Air
Flue Gas (FG)
BURNER 10.2% CO2
FUEL 1.0% CO
(Incomplete
Hydrocarbon 8.4% O2
Combustion)
CxHy 80.4% N2
100% Total (dry basis)
(___ % H2O)
N2 Balance: N2 supplied = N2 in FG
N2 supplied = 80.4 kmol
O2 supplied = 80.4 kmol N2
= 21.37 kmol
O2 Balance: O2 supplied = O2 in CO2 + O2 in CO + free O2 + O2 in H2O
21.37 = (10.2 kmol CO2) + (1.0 kmol CO) + 8.4 + (H2O in FG)
H2O in FG = 4.54 kmol

H Balance: H in Fuel = H in FG
H in Fuel = (4.54 kmol H2O)
H in Fuel = 9.08 kmol

Atomic ratio, H/C = = 0.81

ANSWER
Problem No. 10.13/p. 301 (7th
ed.) A synthesis gas analyzing 6.4% CO2, 0.2% O2, 40.0% CO, 50.8% H2 (the
balance of which is N2), is burned with 40% dry excess air. What is the composition
of the flue gas?
Given: Air (dry)
Synthesis Gas 40% x’s
6.4% CO2 Flue Gas (FG)
(Free O2) 0.2% O BURNER CO2
2 Assuming
40.0% CO O2
complete
50.8% H2 combustion N2
2.6% N2 H 2O
Required: Composition of the Flue Gas 100% Total
Solution:
Basis: 100 kmol of Synthesis Gas
*Note that our basis here is in terms of the fuel because the composition of the fuel is
given. In the fuel, only CO and H2 are combustible. So, let us make the chemical reactions
for these two components only.
Reactions: CO + O2 → CO2
H2 + O2 →H2O
 Basis: 100 kmol of Synthesis Gas Air (dry)
Synthesis 40% x’s
Gas Flue Gas (FG)
(Free O2) 6.4% CO2 BURNER CO2
Assuming complete
0.2% O2 combustion
O2
40.0% CO N2
Reactions: CO + O2 → CO2
50.8% H2 H2O
H2 + O2 →H2O
2.6% N2 100% Total
to burn CO + O2 to burn H2 – free O2 in Fuel
= (40.0) - 0.2
= 45.20 kmol
x’s O2 = (0.40)(45.20 kmol) = 18.08 kmol
O2 supplied = Theo O2 + x’s O2 = 45.20 + 18.08 = 63.28 kmol
N2 supplied = (63.28 kmol O2)

C Balance: C in Fuel = C in FG
(6.4 kmol CO2)+ (40.0 kmol CO) = (CO2 in FG)
CO2 in FG = 46.4 kmol

N2 Balance: N2 in Fuel + N2 supplied = N2 in FG

2.6 kmol + 238.05 kmol = N2 in FG
N2 in FG = 240.65 kmol
H Balance: H in Fuel = H in FG
(50.8 kmol H2) = (H2O in FG)
H2O in FG = 50.8 kmol
 Air (dry)
Synthesis Gas 40% x’s
6.4% CO2 Flue Gas (FG)
(Free O2) 0.2% O BURNER CO2
2 Assuming
40.0% CO O2
complete
50.8% H2 combustion N2
2.6% N2 H 2O
100% Total
O2 Balance: O2 in Fuel + O2 supplied = O2 in FG
[O2 in CO2 + free O2 + O2 in CO]fuel + O2 supp = [O2 in CO2 + free O2 + O2 in H2O]FG
(6.4)= (46.4) + free O2 + (50.8)
[free O2]FG =18.08 kmol
Complete Analysis of FG:
COMPONENT n (kmol) Mol %
CO2 46.40 13.04
O2 18.08 5.08
N2 240.65 67.61 ANSWER
H2O 50.8 14.27
Total 355.93 100.00
Problem 10.16, 7th
A gas containing only CH4 and N2 is burned with air yielding a flue gas that has an
ed.
orsat analysis of CO2: 8.7%, CO:1%; O2:3.8% and N2:86.5%. Calculate the % excess air
used in combustion and the composition of the CH4-N2 mixture.
Air
Given:
Flue Gas (FG)
8.7% CO2
FUEL BURNER 1.0% CO
CH4 (Incomplete
3.8% O2
N2 Combustion)
86.5% N2
Required: (a) % x’s air
(b) Composition of Fuel 100% Total (dry basis)
(___ % H2O)
Solution:
Basis: 100 kmol of dry Flue Gas (DFG)
*Note that our basis is in terms of dry FG because the orsat analysis of FG is given here.
C Balance: C in Fuel = C in FG
C in CH4 = C in CO2 + C in CO
(CH4 in Fuel) = (8.7kmol CO2) + (1.0 kmol CO)
CH4 in Fuel = 9.7 kmol
Basis: 100 kmol of dry Flue Gas (DFG) Air
Flue Gas (FG)
8.7% CO2
FUEL BURNER 1.0% CO
CH4 (Incomplete 3.8% O2
Combustion)
N2 86.5% N2
H Balance: H in Fuel = H in FG 100% Total (dry basis)
H in CH4 = H in H2O (___ % H2O)
(9.7 kmol CH4)
H2O in FG = 19.4 kmol
O2 Balance: O2 supplied = O2 in FG
O2 supp = O2 in CO2 + O2 in CO + free O2 + O2 in H2O
O2 supp = (8.7) + (1.0) + 3.8 + (19.4)
= 22.70 kmol
Chemical reaction: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Theo O2 = (9.7 kmol CH4) = 19.40 kmol

% x’s O2 =

= x 100
% x’s O2 = 17.01%
(a) % x’s air = 17.01% (ANSWER)
Basis: 100 kmol of dry Flue Gas (DFG) Air
Flue Gas (FG)
8.7% CO2
FUEL BURNER 1.0% CO
CH4 (Incomplete
3.8% O2
N2 Combustion)
86.5% N2
100% Total (dry basis)
(___ % H2O)
N2 Balance: N2 in Fuel + N2 supplied = N2 in FG

N2 in Fuel + 85.40 = 86.50

N2 supplied = (22.70)

N2 in Fuel = 1.10 kmol

(b) Composition of the Fuel:

Component n (kmol) Mol %
CH4 9.7 89.81
(ANSWER)
N2 1.10 10.19
Total 10.8 100.00
VIDEO RESOURCES:

1. Overview of Combustion Chemistry:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMOK3xIETpc
2. Percent Excess Air (Combustion):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpceKdgArt4