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Analog Photogrammetry
Process
Er. Sanjeevan Shrestha
Land Management Training Centre Workflow of Analog Photogrammetry – Project definition – Flight planning – Ground control and signalization – Aerial flight – Film Processing – Orientation – Aerial triangulation and block adjustment – DTM generation – Orthophoto production – Feature extraction – Field verification – Final map/database Orientation Main purpose to provide analogical solution for object point positions from their corresponding image positions on overlapping pair of photo (stereoscopic model) the information of the photograph can be extracted and heights can be measured in the stereoscopic model. Process of Orientation Inner Orientation Exterior Orientation Relative Orientation Absolute Orientation Inner Orientation Describes the process of the reconstruction of geometry of camera film with respect to its base plate The fiducial marks printed in a diapositive (Transparent Positive) are used for inner orientation The orientation is done by matching printed photo with instruments original fiducial marks Centering the film with respect to the plate Relative Orientation Plane condition between two consecutive photography time may vary and also the axis of camera Process of reconstruction of geometry of cameras positions of two consecutive exposure stations by applying the rotation in 3 directions i.e. x, y, z direction With the help of suitable knobs available in the instruments, the relative geometry can be constructed X-axis – Flight direction Y-axis – Perpendicular to X-axis through X-Y coordinate of terrain can be maintained by relative orientation but relative vertical control may not be perceived After relative orientation, 3-D of image can be constructed Absolute Orientation Process of reconstruction of geometry of photographs with respect to ground reality We Use GCP’s for scaling and levelling (Absolute reality) The output of inner, relative and absolute orientation is stereo- restitution (stereoscopic vision) Aerial Triangulation • Aerial triangulation is the process of measuring points in images or stereo models such that the orientations of these photographs can be reconstructed – Measurement of corresponding points in overlapping images – Extension (densification) of control points in images – Measurement of ground control points in images Type of control point Ground Control Point Photo Control Point Ground Control Point Prepointing Premarking the existing control points before aerial photography Post-Pointing In pre-pointing, no guarantee to recognize all control points in photography Steps: 1. Study the photograph 2. Find out clearly identifiable and accessible control point and instrument is set up at that point for coordinate measurement Photo Control Point Three types of photo control points 1. Full control point with known x, y, z 2. Planimetric control points with known x and y only 3. Altimetric control point with known z only. Tie Point Generation Tie points are generated through aerial triangulation can be tie up with control point for some area Generally, tie point must lie in overlapped area and should be identifiable object There should be 9 tie points in one photo Types of Aerial Triangulation Manual Semi-automatic Automatic Purpose of Aerial Triangulation For determination of the coordinates of past point (mirror control point) necessary for plotting of stereo-model For rectification Why AT? Economic Minimize delays and hardships due to most adverse weather condition Access to much of the property is not necessary Minimize field survey Easily achievable the required accuracy Principle of Aerial Triangulation “to form at first the basic photogrammetric unit which will be used later to fit into the ground system of adjustment procedure with the help of suitable distributed ground control points” Methods of Aerial Triangulation Radial line Method Plotted template method Stereo template method Strip, Block and Model Combination of two or more photo to realize the ground truth is called model Combination of more than two photos along the direction of flight to realize the ground truth is called Strip Combination of two or more than two strips to realize the ground truth is called block Image Interpretation Spontaneous recognition Recognise the details without any difficulty because they are familiar Logical inference Needs interpretation elements or cues and logic for recognising the detail Elements of Photo Interpretation • Shape – Shape of the detail on the photo, e.g. Linear, rectangular • Size - Size of the object, e.g. Big , small • Colour (hue, value) – Colour, brightness, intensity values etc of the detail, e.g. Red, dark blue, light green • Texture – Surface roughness or smoothness of the detail Elements of Photo Interpretation • Pattern – Homogeneous structures or repeating patterns, e.g. Agricultural fields, regularly spaced building structures • Shadow – Height of a detail and shadow casted by it can be helpful to recognise a detail – For ex: in vertical photograph, shadow of dharhara can used to recognize it – In Oblique photograph, bridge is identified by shadow of it in water Elements of Photo Interpretation • Site + Association – Attachment or association of one detail with other, together help to identify the detail – Site same but different Association Ex: Bridge and Road – Site Different but same association Feature Extraction Details are plotted in layers as Altimetric Detail Contour Height Spot Height Planimetric Detail Point Data Line Data Polygon Data Feature Extraction Generally 8 types of features 1. Landcover - area data 2. Hydrography – Line, area and point 3. Height – Line, point 4. Settlement – Point, polygon 5. Service – Point, line polygon 6. Utility – Point, line polygon 7. Religion – Point, polygon 8. Transportation – Line, Polygon