LP 4 Gmo

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OBJECTIVES

1.Describe the process of genetic


engineering
2. Evaluate the benefits and risks of
using GMO’s
WHAT ARE YOUR IDEAS OF DNA?
- INFORMATION MOLECULE
- DISTRIBUTED ALONG 46 STRUCTURES
CALLED CHROMOSOMES
- DNA COILS AROUND EACH OTHER TO
FORM DOUBLE HELIX
What is GMO/ Transgenic?

Genetically modified organism/


Transgenic plants and animals,
which express DNA that have
been modified or derived from
another species.
GENETIC ENGINEERING AND
Genetically modified organisms
(GMO’s)
HOW IS IT DONE?

It is done through the process of


Genetic Engineering the modification
of genetic material to achieve specific
goals
Genetic engineering…..

- refers to specific gene


transfer from the same or
related or unrelated species
resulting in the gene fragment
modification and recombination
to produce new trait(s) in an
organism. - Prof.Legario
WHY INTO GENETIC
ENGINEERING?
 Learningmore about cellular processes,
including inheritance and gene expression
 Providingbetter understanding and treatment
of diseases particularly genetic disorders
 Generating economic and social benefits,
improved and efficient production of plants and
animals for agriculture
GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSESS

Recombinant DNA Technology contains genes or portions of


genes from different organisms,often from different species.
\

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

DNA LIGASE
DNA Recombinant Technology
The human insulin gene
cloned and transferred
to bacteria.

The human insulin gene


is expressed in bacteria.

Bacteria produces insulin.


Introducing transgenes
• 1. BACTERIAL MEDIATED
• Bacterial carriers
• 2. NON-BACTERIAL MEDIATED
• Microinjection
• Nuclear transfer
• Biolistics
• Electroporation
• 3. VIRAL TRANSFER
• Retroviral vectors
 Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) makes copies of
specific regions of
 sequenced DNA. It is used to
copy DNA for any scientific
investigation
 including forensic analysis
and medical testing.
Molecular Scissors

GAATTC

Restriction enzymes
are enzymes that cut
double stranded DNA
into fragments at very specific
locations.
Molecular
Glue Ligases are enzymes that join
together “cut” strands of
double stranded DNA
Gel Electrophoresis -
separates DNA
fragments by size. It
is used to study DNA
fragments of various
sizes.
DNA Sequencing is used to identify the DNA
sequence of cloned recombinant DNA
molecule to further study. It is used to
identify errors in the DNA sequences to
predict the function of a particular gene
Gene Cloning

 It is used to create large amounts of


recombinant DNA to be used in
genetically engineered organism
3 Types of Genetic
Modification
 Plant Genetic Modification
 Simple selection. Genetically heterogeneous population of
plants is inspected, and “superior” individuals -plants with
the most desired traits, like improved palatability and yield
- are selected for continued propagation.
 ex. Production of pest-resistant plants
 ex. Increase of crop production
 Animal Genetic Modification
 Assisted reproductive technologies; use of naturally
occurring hormones, such as recombinants, and
biotechnologies to enhance reproductive efficiency
without affecting the genome; and biotechnologies to
enhance expression of desirable genes.
 ex. Increase of milk production per cow
 ex. Double production of eggs in chickens
 Genetic Modification of Microbes
 Microorganisms play significant roles in food
production like food fermentation and in food spoilage,
and they can produce enzymes or other metabolites
used in food production and processing. Food, wine,
bread, and cheese popular, depend on microbial
ingredients and activities.
 ex. Increase microbe-dependent-food production

The Process of Transgenic Papaya Technology
Gene transfer to
plant tissue
infection

Gene
Agrobacterium

Vector
Gene shooting
construct
Gold bullets Particle
Cloning sites
bombardment
Marker
gene
Selection

Greenhouse Regeneration
selection/testing
Variety Field testing
5 Developmental Phases in
Transgenic Plant Technology
Gene Discovery
Laboratory
Transformation Plant Tissue
Culture

Greenhouse (how to transfer gene)


Bacteria – Agrobacterium
Physical – gene gun
Field Trial

Commercialization
What is Possible with Crop
Biotechnology
Crops with high nutritional quality
• increased essential amino acids in corn,
legumes, tomato, pepper, and rice
• high provitamin A and iron in rice
• vitamin C-enriched vegetables
Vaccine and Medicine Production
• mass production of insulin, hepatitis B
vaccine
• edible vaccines against diarrhea and
hepatitis as in tomato, banana and potato
Crops for industry
• modified Arabidopsis thaliana and cotton
can now produce biodegradable plastic
precursor. Design from Prof. F.
Hidalgo
GAINS FROM GMOs
GM Corn:

1. This particular corn is resistant to the


Asiatic corn borer.
2. The bacterial gene Bt CryIab was
transferred to corn
Presentation. Dr.Laurena engineering
GOLDEN RICE: A genetically modified
rice that produces high amount of
beta carotene in tits grain

phytoene synthase
(psy) from maize

phytoene
desaturase (crtl)
gene from a
common bacterium

Ordinary Rice Kaybonnet


variety Up to
36.7 μg/g
Disease resistance…means less
chemical fungicides

Disease-
resistant,
insect-
resistant
and
drought-
tolerant
crops will
help us
feed the Papaya with ringspot disease Biotech
world! papaya
resistant to
ISSUES AND CONCERNS ON GMO

pH 4

SAFE
OTHER ISSUES ADDRESSED

Biosafety to environment
Possible effects on nontarget organisms and biodiversity
Possible crossing with relatives to produce weeds
Possible formation of resistant insect population
Possible persistence in the environment
Food safety to humans
Possible allergenicity and toxicity
The Philippines has a working biosafety
regulatory process in place for

R & D involving GMOs


Importation of GMOs
For contained use
For direct use as feed, food, processing
 Release into environment
Field testing
Propagation (commercialization)
Assuring the safety of GM products:
regulation from lab to market

market

Lab research Field work Product advance

Agronomic or
Concept/strategy;
horticultural Evaluation of
choice of gene(s);
traits food and feed
sources of gene(s);
evaluation; safety; safety
environmental or
genetic to environment
ecological
stability;
consideration of
impact on
gene or product
environment
Enabling laws
1990 National Committee on Biosafety
of the Philippines created by Executive
Order (EO) 430
2002 Administrative Order (AO) No. 8
Rules and Regulations for the
Importation and Release into the
Environment of Plants and Plant
Products Derived from the Use of
Modern Biotechnology
RA 3720 Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act
Summary of biosafety data for
commercial GM crops:

• All commercially available GM crops


have undergone extensive science-
based biosafety and food safety tests
and evaluations
• Risks of GM not necessarily higher than
nonGM crops
• No untoward incidence or ill effects after
more than 16 years of field testing, 10
years of commercial release
Pick the correct terms in the box being describe in the phrases in each number

DNA Biotechnology GMO

Bt Corn Gene cloning Recombinant DNA


Gel electrophoresis Polymerase Chain Reaction
Genetic Engineering Restriction enzymes
1. An enzyme that cuts double stranded DNA in specific location
2. Genetically Modified Organism
3. Use to separate genes of different sizes
4. The use of biological techniques and engineered organisms to make
products
5. A genetically modified product from Bacillus thuringiensis
6. Is the combination of a DNA fragment with the DNA from another source
7. Double helix which carries the genetic make up of an organism
8. Is the production of the large numbers of identical recombinant DNA
molecules
9. Makes copies of specific regions of sequenced DNA
10.Specific gene transfer from same, related or unrelated species
THANK YOU

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