BALLISTICS

BALLISTICS

• Refers to the science that deals with the study of the motion
of projectiles and the conditions affecting such motion.
• The study of Ballistics covers from the time the gunpowder
explode, the time the projectile leaves from the barrel of the
gun and the time it strikes the target.
• It is derived from the Greek word "Ballo" or "Ballein" which
means to throw.
 BALLISTICS
It was also derived from
an early Roman War
machine known as
"Ballista" which means a
gigantic bow or catapult
which used to hurl
missiles or large objects
at a particular distance.
 BALLISTICS FINGERPRINTING

• involves analyzing firearm, ammunition and

tool mark evidence in order to establish
whether a certain firearm or tool was used in
the commission of a crime
 BRIEF HISTORY

Before, barrels and bullet molds were handmade by gunsmiths.

Thus, the exclusivity of each firearm was unavoidable. This
meant that the bullets fired always bore some exclusive
impressions which were unique to a specific firearm.
The first case of forensic firearm examination to be documented
was in 1835. That was when Henry Goddard applied ballistic
fingerprinting to link a bullet recovered from the victim to the
actual culprit.
IMPORTANT PERSON IN THE HISTORY OF
FIREARMS

• Calvin H. Goddard-known today as the Father of Modern

Ballistics. He invented the Bullet Comparison Microscope.
• Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson- founders of the great
firm Smith and Wesson and pionerred the making of the
breech loading rifles as well as revolvers.
• John M. Browning- Known as the Wizard of Modern
Firearms. He pioneered the breech loading single shot rifle.
IMPORTANT PERSON IN THE HISTORY OF
FIREARMS
• Hans Gross – the great Austrian criminologist and considered as
the father of criminalistics.
• Charles Waite – He was employee of New York State who
conducted an investigation involving firearms.
• Alexandre Lacassagne – Was the first to recognize the
significance of the striations etched found on a bullets extracted
from a murder victim and its to link to the gun from which it was
fired.
IMPORTANT PERSON IN THE HISTORY OF
FIREARMS

• Edmond Locard – Established the first forensic

laboratory in France.

• Dr. Albert Llewellyn Hall – The pioneer in the field in

forensic ballistics, was an expert identifying firearm
from the fired bullets.
IMPORTANT PERSON IN THE HISTORY OF
FIREARMS
• David Carbine Williams- the person who invented the carbine firearm.

• Alexander John Forsyth- he is known as the father of Percussion ignition.

• Samuel Colt- the first person who produced the first practical revolver.

• Sir Hiram Maxim - an American inventor of the machine gun or the

maxim gun.
IMPORTANT PERSON
IN THE HISTORY OF
FIREARMS

Richard Gatling - inventor of the

Gatling gun, a machine gun with
a six barrel capable of firing 200
rounds per minute at the earliest
stages of development.
Gatling Gun - a hand driven,
crank operated multi barrel
machine gun
 INVENTORS OF MANUFACTURE

ARMALITE - occasionally, the home of manufacturing company

becomes almost a generic term. It happens with the colt
produced M16, which has been designed and develop at
Armalite.
The Armalite business was form by Charles Dorchester and
George Sullivan in 1950.• Armalite employed Eugene Stoner,
Chief Engineer and one of the top designer of the country.
 INVENTORS OF
MANUFACTURE

BROWNING, J.M. - born in

1855.Started the production of
single shot rifle that was adopted
by Winchester.
COLT- Samuel Colt was born on
July 1814 in was to be
instrumental in making the
revolver a practical type of pistol .
 INVENTORS OF
MANUFACTURE
DERRINGER, HENRY-born in the
beginning of 19th century. Worked at
Philadelphia where he manufactured
Pocket Pistol.
GARAND, JOHN C. - was born in North
Carolina in 1818. Developed the
hang-ranked machine gun. A
development of Duver Gatling type
of machine gun.
 INVENTORS OF
MANUFACTURE

LUGER, GEORGE- was born in

Australia in 1849. he did lasting
designed work in connection
with 9mm Parabellum cartridge.
MARLIN, JONH MAHLON-
NewHaven, Connecticut
manufacturer of lever action
rifle, 1800's
 INVENTORS OF MANUFACTURE

• MAUSER- Paul and Wilhelm brothers produced parts of the

rifle which had been adopted by the German government in
1871.
• MOSSIN, SERGEI- Colonel of Russia Army. Designated in
Russian Service Rifle in 1891.
• MOSSBERGE, OSCAR- born in Sweden in 1866 and went to
the United States. The maker of high quality.22 rifles.
Sporting rifles and pump action shotguns.
 INVENTORS OF
MANUFACTURE
SIG (SCHWEIZERISCHE INDUSTRIE
CESSELSHALF) - adopted by the Swiss
government as their standard service weapon.
The company started to produced railway
engines and carrege in 1853.
SMITH AND WESSON-Horace Smith and Daniel
B. Wesson formed a partnership in 1852. They
manage by producing what is probably the
best double-action revolver in the world.
(Daniel Wesson left the company to set up his
own firearm business).
 INVENTORS OF MANUFACTURE

• THOMPSON, JOHN-born in 1860 in Newport, Kentucky.

Designed the Thompson submachine gun in 1920.
• TOKAREV, FEDOR- born in Egorlikshaya in 1971. Designed the
service pistol of the Soviet forces.
• WINCHESTER, OLIVER- he led the formation of the Winchester
Company.
BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS

INTERIOR

FORENSIC EXTERIOR

TERMINAL
 INTERIOR BALLISTICS

• It is the study of the motion of the projectile

while still inside the gun barrel, this covers
from the time the firearm is loaded with the
cartridge, the explosion and the movement of
the bullet towards the muzzle end of the gun.
SUBJECTS OF STUDY
UNDER INTERIOR
BALLISTICS

Firing Pin striking the

primer

Ignition of the priming

mixture

Combustion of gunpowder
SUBJECTS OF STUDY
UNDER INTERIOR
BALLISTICS

Expansion of heated
gas in the chamber

Pressure developed

Energy generated
SUBJECTS OF STUDY
UNDER INTERIOR
BALLISTICS

Recoil of the gun

Velocity of the bullet in the barrel

Rotation of the bullet in the

barrel

Engraving of the cylindrical

surface of the bullet
 MISFIRE AND HANG-FIRE

• Misfire refers to the failure of the cartridge to

explode after the firing pin strikes the primer.
• Hang-fire refers to the delay of explosion of
the gunpowder after the firing pin hits the
primer.
 GYROSCOPIC
STABILITY

It is the stability of the flight

of the bullet within the
effective range due to the
twist of the lands and
grooves from the breech end
to the muzzle end. The rifling
is a combination of lands
and grooves.
 EXTERIOR BALLISTICS

• It is the study of the motion and traits of

projectiles, after it has left from the muzzle of
the gun, which includes the condition of the
bullets movement and flight up to the target.
SUBJECTS STUDY
UNDER EXTERIOR
BALLISTICS

Muzzle Blast-a sound or

noise created at the muzzle
end of the gun.
Muzzle Energy-energy
generated at the muzzle
end whenever the cartridge
explodes from the firearm.
SUBJECTS STUDY
UNDER EXTERIOR
BALLISTICS
Trajectory-refers to the curved
path in the horizontal flight of
the bullet which usually
occurred a few meters away
from the muzzle of the firearm.
Range-is the straight distance
from the muzzle of the gun to
the target
 SUBJECTS STUDY UNDER EXTERIOR
BALLISTICS

• Velocity-it is the speed of the bullet per unit of the time,

which is expressed in foot per second.
• Air resistance- the resistance encountered by the bullet in
flight which is early experience by the bullet few meters
away from the muzzle of the gun.
• Pull of gravity- it is the downward reaction of the bullet
towards the earth center due to its weight.
• Penetration-is the point where the bullet hits the target
 TERMINAL BALLISTICS

• This refers to the study of the effect of

the impact of the bullet on the target
 SUBJECTS OF STUDY OF TERMINAL
BALLISTICS
• Terminal Accuracy-Refers to the size of the bullet grouping on the
target.
• Terminal Energy- the energy of the bullet when it strikes the target.
This refers to the fatal equivalent of a bullet when it struck the victim.
• Terminal Velocity- this refers to the speed of the bullet upon hitting
the target which is express in foot per second
• Terminal penetration- refers to the depths of the entry of the bullet on
the target
 FORENSIC BALLISTICS

This refers to the investigation and identification of

firearms by means of ammunitions fired from the
submitted suspected firearms.
Phases:
•Field Investigation
•Preparation for court trial
 FORENSIC

• A term originated from the Latin word

“Forum”, meaning “marketplace, where
people gather for public disputation or public
discussion”.
 TOOL MARK IDENTIFICATION

• Acts a tool to leave impressed or striated

marks on various ammunition components
that come into contact with the harder
surface of the fire arm.
 ATTRIBUTES OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS

• Field investigation – it is conducted the first responders when

they investigate a case wherein fire arm have been used
• Technical examination of ballistics exhibits – its conducted by
the firearms examiners in the ballistics laboratory to determine
the value of firearms exhibits in the solution of the case.
• Legal proceeding – it includes making of ballistics report and
presentation of the examination conducted before the court
SIGNIFICANCE CASES OF VIP ASSASSINATION
THAT EXTENSIVELY REQUIRED THE APPLICATION
OF BALLISTICS AND FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
• United states
1. John f. Kennedy (November 22, 1963)
2. Martin Luther King Jr. (April 4, 1968)
3. Sen. Robert Kennedy (June 5, 1968)
Philippines
1. Sen. Benigno "Ninoy" S. Aquino Jr. (August 21,1983)
2. Etong Case (April 2009)- (January 18, 2016).
• 5. Shot Ballistics - It is the study of shotgun ammunition
including its characteristics spread and trailing.
.

• Choke - the diameter of a barrel of a shotgun is the same

throughout the bore. The bore of the gun is sometimes
constricted near the muzzle end.

• Chilled Shot - shotgun pellets made from lead especially

hardened by the addition of a slight amount of antimony
• 6. Wound - refers to the study of the effects of a
projectile on a target and the conditions that affect them.
• Gunshot Wound (GSW) - it is an open wound produced by
the penetration of bullet slug within the tissues of the
body. The bullet which was propelled from the gun as
well as the flame from the heated expanded gases in
short range fire is the one that produces injury
• Two Kinds of Gunshot Wounds (Punctured) .
• a. Perforating Wound/Transfixing Wound an injury in which
an object enters the body or a structure and passes all the
way through. The wound has an entrance and exit.
• b. Penetrating Wound the injury implies that the object
does not pass through. It only has an entrance wound;
therefore, the bullet can be found inside the body and a
source of firearm identification.