HUMAN COMPUTER

INTERACTION
PRAVEENA P

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,ANDHRA UNIVERSITY

 Course Objectives

• To gain an overview of Human-Computer Interaction, with an understanding

of user interface design in general, and alternatives to traditional “keyboard
and mouse” computing.
• Be able to predict user performance in various human-computer interaction
tasks
• Appreciate the importance of a design that maintains a focus on the user; be
familiar with a variety of both conventional and non-traditional user interface
paradigms
 Course Outcomes

• By the end of the course, the student should be able to:

 Apply HCI and principles to interaction design
 Appreciate importance of user documentation and information Search
 Introduction: Usability Of Interactive Systems
 Syllabus
• Introduction: Usability of Interactive Systems- introduction, usability goals and
measures, usability motivations, universal usability, goals for our profession
• Managing Design Processes: Introduction, Organizational design to support
usability, Four pillars of design, development methodologies, Ethnographic
observation, Participatory design, Scenario Development, Social impact statement for
early design review, legal issues, Usability Testing and Laboratories
• Menu Selection, Form Fill-In and Dialog Boxes: Introduction, Task- Related Menu
Organization, Single menus, Combinations of Multiple Menus, Content Organization,
Fast Movement Through Menus, Data entry with Menus: Form Fill-in, dialog Boxes,
and alternatives, Audio Menus and menus for Small Displays
• Command and Natural Languages: Introduction, Command organization
Functionality, Strategies and Structure, Naming and Abbreviations,
• Natural Language in Computing Interaction Devices: Introduction, Keyboards and
Keypads, Pointing Devices, Speech and Auditory Interfaces, Displays- Small and large

• Quality of Service: Introduction, Models of Response-Time impacts, Expectations and

attitudes, User Productivity, Variability in Response Time, Frustrating Experiences
Balancing
• Function and Fashion: Introduction, Error Messages, Nonanthropomorphic Design,
Display Design, Web Page Design, Window Design, Color
• User Documentation and Online Help: Introduction, Online Vs Paper
Documentation, Reading from paper Vs from Displays, Shaping the content of the
Documentation, Accessing the Documentation, Online tutorials and animated
documentation, Online communities for User Assistance, The Development Process

• Information Search: Introduction, Searching in Textual Documents and Database

Querying, Multimedia Document Searches, Advanced Filtering and Searching
Interfaces
• Information Visualization: Introduction, Data Type by Task Taxonomy, Challenges for
Information Visualization
Title: Overview of Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI)

Subtitle: Understanding the Interplay Between Humans and Technology

 Introduction to HCI
• Definition:
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is the study and design of the
interaction between people (users) and computers. It focuses on improving
the interactions between users and systems to make technology more effective
and enjoyable.
• Importance:
 Enhances user experience and satisfaction
 Improves system usability and accessibility
 Facilitates better productivity and efficiency
 Historical Development of HCI

• Early Developments:
 1960s: Command-line interfaces and batch processing
 1970s: Introduction of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) with early systems like Xerox Alto

• Milestones:
 1980s: Widespread adoption of GUIs (e.g., Apple Macintosh, Microsoft Windows)
 1990s: Growth of web-based interactions
 2000s: Emergence of mobile and touch interfaces
 2010s: Integration of voice, gesture, and AR/VR technologies
 Core Concepts in HCI

• Usability:
 Definition: Ease of use and learnability of a system
 Elements: Efficiency, effectiveness, satisfaction

• User Experience (UX):

 Definition: Overall experience of a user interacting with a system
 Components: Perceptions, emotions, and responses

• Accessibility:
 Definition: Designing systems that are usable by people with various disabilities
 Considerations: Visual, auditory, motor, and cognitive impairments
 HCI Design Principles
• Consistency:
Uniform design across different platforms and applications to improve
learnability.
• Feedback:
Providing users with immediate and clear responses to their actions.
• Affordances:
Design elements that suggest their usage, such as buttons that look clickable.
• Error Prevention and Recovery:
Designing systems to minimize user errors and facilitate easy recovery from
mistakes.
 Interaction Styles
•Command-Line Interfaces (CLI):
•Text-based input where users type commands
•Examples: Unix Shell, DOS
•Graphical User Interfaces (GUI):
•Visual elements like icons, windows, and buttons
•Examples: Windows, macOS
•Touch Interfaces:
•Interaction through gestures on touchscreens
•Examples: Smartphones, tablets
•Voice Interfaces:
•Interaction through voice commands and speech recognition
•Examples: Siri, Google Assistant
 HCI Research Methods

• User Studies:
 Observing and interviewing users to understand their needs and behaviors.

• Usability Testing:
 Testing prototypes with users to identify usability issues and gather feedback.

• Prototyping:
 Creating early models of a system to explore design ideas and interactions.
 Emerging Trends in HCI

• Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR):

 Immersive technologies creating new interaction paradigms.

• Wearable Technology:
 Devices like smartwatches and fitness trackers that interact with users in various
contexts.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI):

 Intelligent systems that enhance user interactions through adaptive and predictive
capabilities.
 Case Studies

• Example 1: User-Centered Design in Mobile Apps

 Discuss a successful mobile app design focusing on user needs and feedback.

• Example 2: Innovations in Voice Assistants

 Analyze how voice assistants like Alexa or Google Assistant have transformed user
interactions.

• Example 3: Accessibility Improvements in Web Design

 Examine how web design has evolved to include accessibility features for disabled
users.
 Challenges in HCI

• Designing for Diverse User Needs:

 Addressing varying user abilities, preferences, and contexts.

• Security and Privacy:

 Ensuring user data protection and privacy while maintaining usability.

• Ethical Considerations:
 Balancing innovation with ethical implications related to user behavior and data
usage.
 Future Directions in HCI

• Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs):

 Direct communication between the brain and computer systems.

• AI and Machine Learning Integration:

 Leveraging AI to create more intuitive and adaptive interfaces.

• Sustainable Design:
 Focusing on eco-friendly and resource-efficient design practices.
 Introduction : Usability of
Interactive Systems

Enhancing the User Experience

 Agenda

 Introduction
 Usability goals and measures

 Usability motivations

 Universal usability

 Goals for our profession

 What is Usability?

Definition:
Usability refers to the ease with which users can learn to operate, prepare inputs for, and
interpret outputs of a system or component.

Importance:
Directly impacts user satisfaction, efficiency, and effectiveness in using a system.
Evolution Of User Interfaces

From Early Technologies to Modern Innovations

 Introduction

• Key Point: New Technologies provide powerful capabilities to users

• Example : Networked computers with advanced interfaces
 Historical Context

• Early Computers: Complex and required specialized knowledge.

• Modern Advances:Designed for ease of use and accessibility
 Interdisciplinary Design

• HCI Field: Integrates psychology, computer science and design

• Goal: Improve user experience through a holistic approach
 Impact on Society

• Business: Drives innovation and competition

• Legal/Ethical Issues: Involves copyright, privacy and security debates
User Experience

• Benefits: Enhances professional work, education and creativity

• Challenges: Complex interfaces can cause frustation
Future Trends and Challenges
in UI Design

Navigating the Next Phase of Human-Computer Interaction

Introduction

• Key Point: Technological advancements create both

opportunities and challenges for UI design
Future Innovations

• Ubiquitous Computing: Interfaces embedded in the

environment
• Advanced Devices: Portable, wearable and implanted
technologies
Design Techniques

•New Methods: Direct manipulation, virtual reality, and ambient computing.

•Objective: Enhance interaction and usability.
Challenges

•Display Variability: Designing for different screen sizes and devices.

•Accessibility: Ensuring compatibility with assistive technologies.
Societal Impact

•Organizational Changes: Effects on job design, teamwork, and trust.

•Global Debate: Technology's role in development and globalization.
Summary

• Ongoing Development: The field of HCI continues to evolve

with ongoing research and the need for user-centered design.
Developers must focus on improving usability for all users.

• Addressing future trends and challenges is crucial for effective

UI design.
 Usability
Requirements

Key Aspects of High-Quality Interface Design

 Key Aspects of High-Quality
Interface Design: Real-Time
Examples
• Usability and User Experience**
•

• **Example: Google Search Interface**

•

• - **Why it’s a good example**: Google’s search interface is a prime example of high usability. Its design is minimalistic
with a clear search box and prominent search button. The interface is intuitive and requires no training or detailed
instructions for users to perform searches effectively.
• - **How it achieves this**:
• - **Simplicity**: The design eliminates unnecessary elements and focuses solely on the search function.
• - **Feedback**: Users receive instant search results, making it clear that their input was registered.
• - **Accessibility**: The interface is accessible from a wide range of devices, including mobile phones and desktops,
ensuring a consistent user experience.
•

• **Key Takeaway**: A well-designed, simple interface allows users to accomplish their goals efficiently and without
confusion.
 Key Aspects of High-Quality
Interface Design: Real-Time
Examples
• 2. Reliability**

• **Example: Apple’s iOS Update System**

• - **Why it’s a good example**: Apple’s iOS update system is known for its reliability and consistency. Updates are delivered regularly and
installed smoothly with minimal user intervention.

• - **How it achieves this**:

• - **Consistent Functionality**: Updates are rolled out to all compatible devices, and the process is standardized across different models.

• - **Accuracy**: Data and system integrity are maintained throughout the update process, ensuring that devices remain functional and
secure.

• - **Error Handling**: Apple provides clear instructions and support in case something goes wrong, maintaining user trust in the update
system.

• **Key Takeaway**: Reliable interfaces ensure that systems perform as expected, maintain data integrity, and provide clear instructions
and support to users when issues arise
 Usability Requirements

Key Aspects of High-Quality Interface Design

• Usability and User Experience

 Propose and test multiple designs
 Refine based on feedback
 Make the interface unobtrusive

• Reliability
 Ensure correct functionality and accurate data
 Maintain privacy and security
Usability Requirements

•Standardization and Consistency

•Apply common design features
•Maintain consistency across applications
•Ensure compatibility and portability

•Project Management
•Deliver on time and within budget
•Focus on usability to reduce costs
 Usability and Reliability

• Usability:
 Propose alternatives/multiple design options
 Test with users
 Refine based on feedback(gather and act on feedback)
 Outcome: Users feel successful and clear about their interactions

 Reliability:
 Ensure system functions correctly
 Protect data integrity/user data
 Outcome: Users trust the system and experience fewer errors
 Standardization, Consistency,
and Project Management

•tandardization:
•Use common design features
•Apply consistent action sequences
•Outcome: Easier learning and fewer errors

•Project Management:
•Manage schedules and budgets
•Adhere to usability principles
•Outcome: Timely delivery and cost-effective development
Usability Measures
Usability Measures

•Time to Learn: How fast users learn tasks.

•Speed of Performance: Task completion time.
•Rate of Errors: Types and frequency of errors.
•Retention Over Time: Memory after breaks.
•Subjective Satisfaction: User enjoyment and feedback.
Tradeoffs and Testing

•Tradeoffs: Balancing learning time, speed, and errors.

•Multiple Designs: Different designs for different user groups.
•Prototypes: Use of mockups and high-fidelity versions.
•Acceptance Testing: Ensuring the final design meets usability goals.
Usability
Motivations
Examples : Usability
Motivations
• Life-Critical Systems – Medical Device Usability:
• In a hospital setting, nurses using patient monitoring devices must
access vital data quickly and accurately, especially in emergencies. Poorly
designed interfaces can lead to confusion or delays in treatment. To ensure
safety, devices are designed with easy-to-read displays, error
prevention, and fast data input options, allowing medical staff to focus
on patient care rather than on navigating the interface.
• n a hospital, nurses use an infusion pump to administer medications. The
interface must be designed for quick, error-free input, especially in
emergency situations. Training is extensive, and the focus is on reliability
and reducing mistakes, as any error could be life-threatening.
Examples : Usability
Motivations
• Office, Home, and Entertainment - Mobile App Interface:
• A popular food delivery app focuses on ease of learning and quick navigation.
Users can easily search, order food, and track deliveries with minimal errors.
If the interface is slow or confusing, users may abandon the app for a
competitor's app. The app balances intuitive design with powerful features
for frequent users.

• In a hospital, nurses use an infusion pump to administer medications. The

interface must be designed for quick, error-free input, especially in
emergency situations. Training is extensive, and the focus is on reliability
and reducing mistakes, as any error could be life-threatening.
 Usability Motivations

• Life-Critical Systems: Reliability and error-free performance.

• Industrial & Commercial: Speed, cost efficiency, and ease of
learning.
• Office, Home & Entertainment: User satisfaction, low errors,
ease of use.
 Examples : Exploratory and
Sociotechnical systems
• Exploratory System – Web Browsing:
• When using a search engine, users often explore various
websites to gather information. A well-designed browser makes
it easy to navigate, refine searches, and filter results,
allowing users to focus on exploring without being distracted by
the interface itself.

• Sociotechnical System – Electronic Voting:

• In an electronic voting system, ease of use is critical for all
voters, especially first-time users. The system must provide
clear instructions, ensure trust with visual confirmation of
votes, and safeguard privacy to build confidence in the voting
process for everyone, from citizens to election officials.
Exploratory and
Sociotechnical Systems

• Creative & Collaborative: Direct interaction, task-focused

interfaces.
• Sociotechnical: Trust, privacy, novice and expert
accommodations.
Universal Usability
• Smartphone Accessibility Features:
• Modern smartphones include features like voice control,
screen readers, and text magnification to ensure that users
with disabilities, such as visual impairments, can easily use the
device. These features make smartphones accessible to a
broader range of users, promoting universal usability.
• Accessible Public Websites:
• Many government websites are designed with accessible
navigation, text alternatives for images, and keyboard
shortcuts to accommodate users with disabilities, older adults,
and those with limited technical skills. This ensures that all
users, regardless of their abilities, can access important
services online.
Universal Usability Key Areas

Physical Abilities: Accessible interfaces and ergonomic design.

Cognitive & Perceptual Abilities: Clear instructions, customizable
features.
Personality Differences: Customizable interfaces for different
personality types
 Diverse User Needs

• - Cultural Diversity: Localization and internationalization

features such as multi-language support etc.,
• - Disabilities: Assistive technologies and accessibility
compliance.
• - Older Adults: Simplified and readable design.
• - Children: Engaging, intuitive design.
• - Hardware & Software: Responsive and compatible designs.
Goals for our
Profession
Real-Time Examples for Goals
for Our Profession
• 1. Influencing Academic and Industrial Researchers:
• - **Example:** Google’s research on user interface design principles, such as minimalistic
design, has led to widespread adoption of clean, user-friendly interfaces in various
applications, improving overall user experience.

• 2. **Providing Tools, Techniques, and Knowledge for Developers:**

• - **Example:** The introduction of tools like Figma and Sketch has revolutionized
interface design by allowing for rapid prototyping, consistent design practices, and easy
collaboration among developers and designers.

• 3. **Raising Computer Consciousness:**

• - **Example:** The success of Apple's intuitive design in products like the iPhone has
helped to shift public expectations towards user-friendly technology, encouraging other
companies to prioritize usability in their products.
• Influencing Researchers:Enhance HCI understanding through
scientific and ethnographic methods.
• Address challenges in real-world applicability and data balance.
• Tools & Knowledge for Developers
• Support for Developers:
 Use tools for rapid prototyping and design consistency.
 Conduct iterative usability studies and gather feedback.

• Raising Computer Consciousness

• Public Awareness:
 Address fears and discomfort with better interface designs.
 Promote usability as a priority in policy and industry standards.
Development
Processes
Managing Design Processes
• Introduction
• Organizational design to support usability
• Four pillars of design
• Development methodologies
• Ethnographic observation
• Participatory design
• Scenario Development, Social impact statement for early design review,
legal issues, Usability Testing and Laboratories
UNIT:03 COMMAND
AND NATURAL
LANGUAGES
Agenda

• Introduction
• Functionality to Support User’s Tasks
• Command-Organization Strategies
• The Benefits of Structure
• Naming and Abbreviations
• Natural Language in Computing
 U:3(b).Natural
Language in Computing
Interaction Devices
• Introduction,
• Keyboards and Keypads,
• Pointing Devices,
• Speech and Auditory Interfaces,
• Displays- Small and large