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Chapter 5-Sampling Design

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44 views15 pages

Chapter 5-Sampling Design

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Habtamu Bore
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter Five

Sample Design and Sampling


Procedures

1 11/09/2024
Common terminologies
Universe
Population
Census
Sample
Sampling Frame: Is the complete list of elements
from which the sample is drawn
Sample design: Is a definite plan for obtaining a
sample frame
Statistic: Is a characteristic of a sample
Parameter: Is a characteristic of a population
 Population mean () is a parameter
 Whereas the sample mean (x) is a statistics
2
Essentials of an ideal sample

Representativeness: An ideal sample must


represent adequately the whole population
Independence: Each unit should be free to
be included in the sample
Adequacy: The number of units included in
the sample should be sufficient to enable
derivation of conclusion applicable for the
whole population
Homogeneity: The element included in the
sample must bear likeness with other
element.
3
Steps involved in sample planning (Sampling procedure)

Defining population

Census Vs Sample

Sampling Design

Sample Size

Estimate Cost of Planning

Execute Sampling Process

4
Sample size determination
 The larger the sample size the higher is the
accuracy.
 Sample size is almost always a matter of
judgement as well as of calculation.
 Sample size determination requires determining :
a. Variance or heterogeneity of the population: It
refers to the standard deviation of the population
parameter
b. Magnitude of acceptable error: The magnitude
of error (range of possible error) indicates how
precise the study must be
c. Confidence interval: In most case (research)
95% confidence level is used
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Choice of sample size is governed by
 The confidence you need to have in your data and
thereby the findings
 The margin of error that you can tolerate – that is,
the accuracy you require for any estimates made
from your sample;
 Variability observed in the target population, and
to lesser extent
 The types of analyses you are going to undertake
 The size of the total population from which your
sample is being drawn

6 11/09/2024
Formula (refresh your memories )
Sample Size for Estimating Population Mean

( z / 2 ) 2  2
n
E2

Sample Size to Estimate Population proportion


2
( z /2 ) p(1  p)
n 2
E
7
Sampling Techniques
A. Probability sampling

 the chance of each case/element being selected from the


population is known and is usually equal for all cases
 It is often associated with survey and experimental research
strategies.
 The process of probability sampling can be divided into four
stages:
 Identify a suitable sampling frame based on your research
question(s) or objectives.
 Decide on a suitable sample size.
 Select the most appropriate sampling technique and
select the sample.
 Check that the sample is representative of the population

8
Cont’d
a. Simple random sampling
 It involves you selecting the sample at random from the sampling
frame using either random number tables or lottery system
b. Systematic sampling
 Systematic sampling involves you selecting the sample at regular
intervals from the sampling frame.
 If the population contains N ordered elements, and sample size of n
is required or desired to select, then we find the ratio of these two
numbers, i.e., N/n to obtain the sampling interval.
 E.g., Say the population size N= 600 and the desired sample
size is 60 (n = 60), then the sample interval will be 600/60 =
10
 Random number at the 10 interval will be selected, i.e., if
the researcher starts from the fourth element then 4th, 14th,
24th etc, elements will be selected.

9 11/09/2024
C. Stratified random sampling

 If population from which the sample to be drawn does


not constitute a homogeneous group, stratified
sampling technique is used in order to obtain a
representative sample
 Under this technique, the population is divided into various
classes or sub-population, which is individually more
homogeneous than the total population.
 Each stratum is more homogeneous than the total
population
 We can say that strata can be formed on the basis of
common characteristics of the items (elements) to be put in
each stratum
 The usual method for selection of items for the sample from
each stratum is that of simple random sampling

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D. Cluster sampling

 Cluster sampling is similar to stratified sampling as


you need to divide the population into discrete
groups prior to sampling
 The groups are termed clusters in this form of
sampling and can be based on any naturally
occurring grouping
 For cluster sampling your sampling frame is
the complete list of clusters rather than a
complete list of individual cases within the
population

 Multi-stage sampling (independent reading )

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Non Probability sampling

 Non-probability sampling technique does not give


equal chance that each element of the population
will be included in the sample.
 Units are selected at the discretion of the
researcher. Such samples derive their control from
the judgment of the researcher
 No confidence can be placed in the data obtained
from such samples; they don't represent the large
population. Therefore, the result obtained may not
be generalized for the entire population.
 Often used in qualitative researches

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Quota sampling

 Under this sampling approach, the interviewers are


simply given quotas to be full-filled from the
different strata (groups).

 E.g., an interviewer in a particular city may be


assigned say 100 interviews. He will assign
this to different subgroups (say 50 far male
respondents and 50 for female respondents).

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Judgment (Purposive or deliberate)
sampling

 In this approach the investigator has complete freedom in


choosing his sample according to his wishes and desire.
 The experienced individual (researcher) select the
sample based upon his judgment about some
appropriate characteristics required from the
sample members
 The key assumption underling in this type of sampling is
that, with sound judgment of expertise and an appropriate
strategy, one can carefully and consciously choose the
element to be included in the sample. Its advantage is its
low cost, convenient to use, less time-consuming, and as
good as probability sampling.

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Sampling theory
 Sampling theory is design to attain one or more of the
following objectives
 Statistical estimation: Sampling theory helps in estimating
unknown population parameters from knowledge of
statistical measurement on sample studies. In other words,
to obtain an estimate of parameter from statistic is the main
objective of sample theory (estimate can be point or interval)
 Testing of hypothesis: It enables us to decide whether to
accept or to reject the stated hypothesis. That is, observed
differences are actually due to chance or whether they are
really significant.
 Statistical inference: Sampling theory helps in making
generalization about the population from the studies based
on samples drawn from it. It also helps in determining the
accuracy of such generalization
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