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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

LECTURE NOTE
ON
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Engineering (MCE
411)
CREDIT UNIT – 2

By
Dr. Dirisu, J.O & Dr. Banjo Solomon
 Course Outline  Refrigeration cycles,
 types of refrigeration system,
• Fundamentals of Refrigeration  refrigeration equipment,
 refrigerants and their selections
• Refrigeration cycles, types of refrigeration system, and applications,
refrigeration equipment,  psychometrics of air processes,
 adiabatic mixing of air streams,
• Refrigerants and their selections and applications,  humidification and
• Ideal gas mixtures dehumidification, comfort
conditions,
• Psychometrics of air processes, adiabatic mixing of air  ventilation, air analysis,
streams,  air contaminants,
 decay equations,
• Humidification and dehumidification, comfort  air cleaning devices,
conditions,  air distribution systems.
 Refrigeration cycles;
• Ventilation, air analysis, air contaminants,  Ideal Gas mixture;
• Decay equations, air cleaning devices, air distribution  Psychrometrics
systems.

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 Relevant Text Books
• Hundy, G.F, Trott, A.R and Welch, T.C (2011),
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning (4th Ed.), B.H
• Dincer, I and Kanoglu, M (2010), Refrigeration
Systems and Applications (2nd Ed.), John Wiley
& Sons Ltd, United Kingdom
• Rajput, R.K (2007), Engineering Thermodynamics (S.I
Units Ed.), Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd, 113, Golden House,
Daryaganj, New Delhi
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CHAPTER 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF
REFRIGERATION

INTRODUCTION
• Refrigeration is an amazing area where
science and engineering meet for solving the
human kinds cooling.
• There are extensive range of applications:
Ranging from the cooling of electronic devices
To food cooling

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 INTRODUCTION
• Refrigeration has a multidisciplinary character,
involving a combination of several disciplines,
including
• mechanical engineering,
• chemical engineering,
• chemistry, food engineering,
• civil engineering and
• Building engineering.
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INTRODUCTION Contd.
• The economic impact of refrigeration
technology throughout the world has become
more impressive and will continue to become
even more impressive in the future because
of the increasing demand for refrigeration
systems and applications.
• Of course, this technology serves to improve
living conditions in countless ways.
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 Definition of Refrigeration
• Refrigeration is the action of cooling, and in practice this
requires removal of heat and discarding it at a higher
temperature.
• Refrigeration is therefore the science of moving heat from low
temperature to high temperature.
• In addition to chilling and freezing applications, refrigeration
technology is applied in air conditioning and heat pumps, which
therefore fall within the scope of this course.
• The fundamental principles of refrigeration are those of physics
and thermodynamics, and these principles, which are relevant
to all applications, are outlined in this chapter.
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 History of Refrigeration

•Before the advent of mechanical refrigeration water

was kept cool by storing it in semiporous jugs so that
the water could seep through and evaporate.
•The evaporation carried away heat and cooled the
water.
•This system was used by the Egyptians and by Indians
in the Southwest.
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 History of Refrigeration Contd.

•Natural ice from lakes and rivers was often cut during
winter and stored in caves, straw lined pits, and later in
sawdust-insulated buildings to be used as required.
•The Romans carried pack trains of snow from Alps to Rome for cooling the
Emperor’s drinks.
• Though these methods of cooling make use of natural phenomena, they were
used to maintain a lower temperature in a space or product and may properly be
called refrigeration.

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 CHAPTER 2: REFRIGERATION SYSTEM AND REFRIGERATION
CYCLE

•INTRODUCTION
• Technically, refrigeration means the cooling of or
removal of heat from a system.
• The equipment employed to maintain the system at a
low temperature is termed as refrigerating system
• The system which is kept at lower temperature is
called refrigerated system.
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 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM AND REFRIGERATION
CYCLE CONTD.
•Refrigeration is generally produced in one of the
following three ways:
(i) By melting of a solid.
(ii) By sublimation of a solid. ( ).
Sublimation of solid CO2 dry ice for cooling at low temperatures below -50°C

(iii) By evaporation of a liquid.

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 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM AND REFRIGERATION
CYCLE CONTD.
•Most of the commercial refrigeration is produced by the
evaporation of a liquid called refrigerant.
•Mechanical refrigeration depends upon the evaporation of
liquid refrigerant and its circuit includes the equipment
naming evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion
valve.
•It is used for preservation of food, manufacture of ice, solid
carbon dioxide and control of air temperature and humidity in
the air-conditioning system.
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 Important Refrigeration Applications
•Refrigeration is widely used in the following pertinent areas:
 Ice making
Preservation of foods above and below freezing
 Industrial air-conditioning
Comfort air-conditioning
Chemical and related industries
 Medical and surgical aids
 Processing food products and beverages
 Oil refining and synthetic rubber manufacturing
 Manufacturing and treatment of metals
 Freezing food products
 Miscellaneous applications:
• Extremely low temperatures (Cryogenics)
• Plumbing
• Building construction etc.
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 Elements of Refrigeration Systems

•All refrigeration systems must include at least four basic units as

given below:
 A low temperature thermal “sink” to which heat will flow from the
space to be cooled.
 Means of extracting energy from the sink, raising the temperature
level of this energy, and delivering it to a heat receiver.
 A receiver to which heat will be transferred from the high
temperature high-pressure refrigerant.
Means of reducing pressure and temperature of the refrigerant as it
returns from the receiver to the “sink”.
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 REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS/Cycles

•The various refrigeration systems are enumerated as follow:

 Ice refrigeration;
 Air refrigeration system;
 Vapour compression refrigeration system
 Vapour absorption refrigeration system
 Special refrigeration systems
(i) Adsorption refrigeration system (ii) Cascade refrigeration system
(iii) Mixed refrigeration system (iv) Vortex tube refrigeration system
(v) Thermoelectric refrigeration (vi) Steam jet refrigeration system.

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