Overview of Computers

Week 2
Computer Generations

 The evolution of computers is categorized into generations based on

technological advancements.

 Each generation is characterized by significant developments in

hardware and software.
Computer Generations (Cont..)
•First Generation (1940-1956)
 Technology: Vacuum tubes.
 Characteristics:
o Large, expensive, and consumed a lot of power.
o Used for basic calculations and data processing.
 Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC.
Computer Generations (Cont..)
•Second Generation (1956-1963)
 Technology: Transistors.
 Characteristics:
o Smaller, faster, and more reliable than first-generation
computers.
o Introduction of programming languages like COBOL and
FORTRAN.
• Examples: IBM 1401, CDC 1604.
Computer Generations (Cont..)
•Third Generation (1964-1971)
 Technology: Integrated Circuits (ICs).
 Characteristics:
o Even smaller and more powerful due to ICs.
o Improved efficiency and reduced costs.
o Introduction of operating systems for multitasking.
 Examples: IBM System/360, PDP-8.
Computer Generations (Cont..)
•Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
 Technology: Microprocessors.
 Characteristics:
o Entire CPU on a single chip, leading to personal computers.
o Development of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and networking.
o Proliferation of personal and mobile computing devices.
 Examples: Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh.
Computer Generations (Cont..)
•Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)
 Technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing.
 Characteristics:
o Focus on AI, machine learning, and advanced algorithms.
o Development of natural language processing and robotics.
o Enhanced human-computer interaction.
 Current Applications: Voice assistants, autonomous vehicles, smart
appliances.
Significance of the Fifth Generation
 Revolutionizing Industries: AI applications are transforming sectors like
healthcare, finance, and transportation.

 Improved Decision Making: Enhanced data analytics capabilities lead to better

insights and predictions.

 Automation: Increased efficiency through automation of repetitive tasks.

 Human-Machine Collaboration: More intuitive interaction between humans

and machines, enhancing productivity.
Future Developments in Computing
 Quantum Computing: Promises to solve complex problems much faster than
classical computers.

 AI Evolution: Continued advancements in AI could lead to more sophisticated

machines that learn and adapt.

 Edge Computing: Processing data closer to the source to reduce latency and
bandwidth use.

 Ubiquitous Computing: Seamless integration of computing into everyday objects

(IoT).

 Ethical Considerations: Addressing challenges related to data privacy, security, and

bias in AI.
Classifications of Computers
•Classifications of Computers
 Based on Size:
o Supercomputers: Extremely fast, used for complex calculations (e.g., weather forecasting).
o Mainframes: Large, powerful systems used in organizations for bulk data processing.
o Minicomputers: Mid-sized systems for small to medium businesses.
o Microcomputers: Personal computers for individual use (desktops, laptops).

 Based on Purpose:
o General-purpose: Designed for a variety of tasks (e.g., personal computers).
o Special-purpose: Designed for specific tasks (e.g., embedded systems).

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Supercomputers
• Supercomputers are a specialized class of computers known for their exceptional
processing power and capability to handle complex tasks.
• Such as IBM's Summit, which held the title of the world's most powerful
supercomputer.
Primary uses:
• Scientific Simulations: Supercomputers are used for simulating physical and
scientific phenomena, including climate modeling and nuclear simulations.
• Weather Forecasting: They play a crucial role in predicting weather patterns,
which is essential for disaster management and agriculture.

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Mainframes
• Mainframes are a class of large-scale computers known for their reliability,
processing power, and extensive data-handling capabilities. IBM is an example of
Mainframe Computer.
Common uses:
• Large Organizations: Mainframes are commonly used in large enterprises, banks,
and government agencies for data processing, transaction processing, and
database management.
• Critical Applications: They are favored for applications that require high levels of
security and uptime, such as financial transactions.

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Minicomputers
• Minicomputers were an important class of computers that bridged the gap
between mainframes and microcomputers during the mid-20th century.
• significance in providing computing capabilities to smaller organizations, research
labs, and educational institutions.

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Microcomputers (Personal Computers)
• Microcomputers, commonly known as personal computers (PCs), revolutionized
computing by making technology accessible to individuals.
• Enabling people to perform tasks like word processing, gaming, and data analysis
at home and in the workplace.

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Importance of Computer Literacy
 Definition: Ability to use computers effectively for various tasks.
 Vital for Success:
o Enhances employability in the digital age.
o Essential for accessing information and online resources.
o Facilitates communication and collaboration.
o Supports problem-solving and critical thinking skills.
Components of a Computer
• Basically, All Computers have five basic components
• Input unit
• Processing unit
• Control unit
• Memory unit
• Output unit
 Input unit
• Responsible for taking data\information from user to perform operation.
• Devices through which a user can communicate with a computer.
• These devices are
• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Touch screen
• Microphone
• Scanner
 Processing unit
• Responsible for performing operations on the data/information provided by
the user.
• Also knows as Arithmetic & Logic unit.
• Performs arithmetic operations like calculations on data in order to convert
them into useful information.
• Perform actions like a comparison of data and decision-making actions.
Control unit
• Responsible for smooth running of all components of a computer.
• It is one of the most essential components of the computer system.
• The Control Unit collects the data entered using the input unit
• Provides data to processing unit.
 Memory unit
• Responsible for storing data and results for future use
• These are of three types
• Cache Memory
• Fastest of all memory types.
• Primary Memory \ Main Memory
• Temporary memory
• Secondary Memory
• Slower of all memory types and Permanent memory
Output unit
• Responsible for providing the user with results produced by operations performed
on the provided data
• Devices used by a computer to communicate with a user
• These devices are:
• Monitor \ screen
• Printer
• Speaker
• Plotters
Information Processing Cycle
1. Input: Data is entered into the system.
2. Processing: Data is processed and
manipulated by the CPU.
3. Output: Processed information is outputted
through display or print.
4. Storage: Information is saved for future use.
Advantages/ Disadvantages of Using Computers
•Advantages of Using Computers
 Efficiency: Fast processing of large amounts of data.
 Accuracy: Reduced errors in calculations and data processing.
 Storage: Ability to store vast amounts of data.
 Communication: Facilitates instant communication across the globe.
 Access to Information: Easy access to a wealth of knowledge and resources.

•Disadvantages of Using Computers

 Dependence: Over-reliance on technology for everyday tasks.
 Security Risks: Vulnerability to hacking and data breaches.
 Health Issues: Potential for repetitive strain injuries and eye strain.
 Job Displacement: Automation may lead to job losses in certain sectors.
 Digital Divide: Unequal access to technology among different populations.
Software
• Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and
execute specific tasks.
• Software is that part of computer that can not be touched
• A set of instructions that directs a computer’s hardware to perform a task is called a
program, or software program.
• Two types
• System Software
• Application Software
 System Software
• The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processing
capabilities of the computer itself.
• System software is generally prepared by the computer manufacturers.
• These software products comprise of programs written in low-level languages (language close to and
understandable to computer), which interact with the hardware at a very basic level.
• System software serves as the interface between the hardware and the end users.
• Examples of system software are
• Operating System (Windows OS, Android, iOS)
• Device Driver
• Compilers
• Assemblers, etc.
Application software
• Application software is software that helps an end user complete tasks.
• Application software lies above the system software and is different from system software
in that it’s designed for the end use and is specific in its functionality.
• This type of software is sometimes referred to as non-essential software because it’s
installed and operated based on the user’s needs.
• Any application on a mobile phone is an example of application software.
• Examples of Application software are
• MS Word
• MS Excel
• VLC Player
• Adobe Photoshop
Thanks