Chapter

8
LEARNING,
DECISION MAKING,
AND CREATIVITY
Presented by Group
1
 Objectives:
• Enumerate fi ve important concepts of
learning.
• Diff erentiate between operant
conditioning and social learning theory.
• Identify basic components of decisions.
• Describe the signifi cance of decision
making in the organization
• Determine steps in decision making
process.
• Identify the characteristics of creative
people.
• Determine ways on how to adopt
creativity in the workplace.
 Learning Principles
Learning
• process through which an • powerful incentive to stick to
individual change their behavior ( certain organizations
positive or negative experience).

• understood as the modification oh • has significant impact on

behavior through practice, individual as it influences
training, or experience. abilities, role perceptions and
motivation.
components of 03
Learning is

learning: reflected in
behavior

The change in
01 Learning involves
04 behavior should
change occur as a result
of experience,
practice, or
training
Not all The practice or
02 changes 05 experiment must
be reinforced in
reflect order for learning
learning to occur
Operant
Conditioning
• also called instrumental conditioning
refers to the process that people's
behavior produces certain
consequences are.
 Social Learning Theory
0 02 03
• also
1 called • Social learning has • Social learning
observational learning, considerable relevance increases self-
social learning theory, in organizational efficiency because
emphasizes the ability behavior. people gain greater
of an individual to learn self-confidence after
Self - efficiency
by observing others. observing someone

person’s belief that he has

else do it than if they
the ability, motivation, and are simply told what to
contingencies to complete do.
a task successfully
Fundamentals of
Decision Making
Decision
Making
• selection of choice of one best
alternative

acc. to Stephen P.
Robbins,
• it is the selection of preferred course
of action from 2 or more alternative
 CONTE
OPTIONS
XT
describes the
uncovering all
situation
available options
surrounding the
decision ASPECT
OF
OBJECTIV
Eclear DECISIO
N
CRITERIA
understanding of
desired outcomes used to select the

MAKING best possible

options

Reminder: • Hard criteria

“Successful decision are based on • Soft criteria
reliable information and verifiable
data not merely on gut feelings“
 Importance of Decision
Making
• Decision Making is useful for the successful operation of organizational
activities

1 2 3
Implementation of Pervasiveness of decision Evaluation of managerial
Managerial Function making performance

4 5 6
Helpful in planning Selecting the best Successful;
and policies alternatives operation of
business
 Steps in Decision-making
Process
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Identifi catio Analysis of Developing

n of problem the
Problems alternative
solution

Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7

Evaluation Selection of Implementa
Review of
of best best tion of best
implementat
alternative alternative alternative
ion
Decision-making Tools and
Techniques
Decision
Matrix
• use to evaluate all the options of a
decision.

• users the score score each option and

weigh which factors are of more
importance.

• A fi nal score is then tallied to reveal which

option is the best.
Decision-making Tools and
Techniques
T-
Chart
• use when weighing the plusses and
minuses of the options

• It ensures that all the positives and

negatives are taken into consideration
when making a decision
Decision-making Tools and
Techniques
Decision
Tree
• a graph or model that involves
contemplating each option and the
outcomes of each.

• Statistical Analysis is also conducted with

technique.
Decision-making Tools and
Techniques
Multivotin
g
• use when multiple people are involved in
decision making.

• it helps shape down a large list options to

a smaller one to the eventual fi nal
decision.
Decision-making Tools and
Techniques
Pareto
Analysis
• use when a large number of decisions
need to be made.

• it helps in prioritizing which ones should

be made fi rst by determining which
decisions will have the greatest overall
impact.
Decision-making Tools and
Techniques
Cost
Benefi t
• use when weighing the fi nancial
consequences of each possible
alternative.

• it is a way to come to a fi nal decision that

makes the most sense from an economic
perspective.
Decision-making Tools and
Techniques
Conjoint
Analysis
• use by a business leaders to determine
consumer preferences when making
decisions.
Individual Decision-
making
Decision making without a group's
input or a decision made
regardless of the group's opinion
is, naturally, an individual
decision.
 Advantages of
Individual Decision-
making:
Can take immediate action Solely responsible for the Take full accountability for
and fast solution to a kind of decision achieved, the outcome of the
problem or a situation. whether it is good or bad. decision and its
consequences.

Take no arguments Become efficient No need to delegate Free from too much
with your personal with the use of time roles and responsibilities diversity in a group
opinions on how to and effort in so you do not have to which tends to limit
address a problem. reaching a decision. deal with people who are cohesiveness and
hesitant to take on a affect the decision
responsibility. making.
 Disadvantages of
Individual Decision-
making:
There may not be so many Have no one to discuss May have a hard time
creative solutions regarding the projected reaching a decision
generated when only one outcome of the decision. especially when you have
person makes the decision. an indecisive character.

Can be difficult for you to The level of motivation there is in Only see things
tell whether you are individual decision making is not as based on your own
experiencing a decision strong as when a team is successful perception.
making pitfall or not. enough to create a motivational effect
to the members.
 Group Decision-
making
There are several models of group decision making that you can put
to use. Two examples are consensus and consultation.

Consensus decision
Consultation takes the
making involves posing
opinions of the group into
several options to the
consideration when
group and using the most
making a decision.
popular option to make a
decision.
 Advantages of Group
Decision-making:
Since group members have Implementation of the decision is The input from a larger
different specialties, they more effective since the people number of people eliminates
tend to provide more who are going to implement the the biases that are generally
information and decision, either participated in introduced due to individual
knowledge. the group themselves or had their decision making. It also
representatives in it. reduces the unreliability of
individual decisions.

The participative style of decision The group decision making is more

making process builds up foundations democratic in nature, while individual
as a training ground for subordinates decision making is perceived to be
who develop the skills of objective more autocratic in nature.
analysis of information and deriving of
conclusions.
 Disadvantages of Group
Decision-making:
The process is highly time consuming Many times, the participants Some members may simply
in terms of assembling the right in group decision making agree with the others for the
group and usually a group takes more have their own axes to grind sake of agreement since
time in reaching a consensus since or their own interests to there are social pressures to
there are too many opinions to be protect. conform and not to be the
taken into consideration. odd-man out.

The decisions made by the The groups may shift either towards The group
group may not always be in more risk taking or towards less risk members may
accord with the goals and taking and either of the shifts may be exhibit "focus
objectives of the undesirable. effect".
organizations.
 Several issues surrounding
group decision-making
Group Groupthi
Polarization nk place when
This takes In order to improve
This happens when the group unknowingly generation of
the average of the makes unity rather than
alternatives the
group member post- the best decision its goal.
following techniques
discussion attitudes
tend to be more could be utilized:
a. Brainstorming
Group Problem-
extreme than average b. Nominal Group
pre-discussion Solving
This occurs when there is Technique
attitudes. It could difficulty in the generation c. Delphi Technique
affect group decision- of alternatives for decision
making. making.
 CREATIVITY IN THE
WORKPLACE
Creativity is the act of Creativity is individual. Creativity is human
turning new and Only creativity can and businesses are
imaginative ideas into provide the having to take on a
reality. Creativity is transforming idea that more human tone of
characterized by the makes a great voice, either because
ability to perceive the company and leaves that's what their
world in new ways, to competitors trying to customers expect or
find hidden patterns, catch up. This is borne because it
to make connections out as much in science differentiates
between seemingly and art as it is in organizations.
unrelated phenomena, business.
and to generate
solutions.
 They don't judge
5 Characteristics of their abilities the way
Creative People others do

Creative people see

the world differently They're more
than most emotional

They're often
introverted and tend They're
to be loners dreamers
Unleashing Creativity in the
Workplace
The following show ways on how adopt creativity in
the workplace:

Reward Anonymity Innovation

Creativity and Teams
Confi dential
ity

Diversity Positive
Support
among Working
Creativity
Employees Environme
nt
Thank you very much!
GROUP 1
MEMBERS:
Abion, Divine Angel Albo, Michaella
Agravante, Ella Alipar, Bianca
Samantha Marie
Alano, Veronica Almazar, Rona