Theory and design of

structure
Lateral load resisting structural systems

Prepared by:
Tsinuel Dereje------14D2850
Fri, may 10 2024
shear truss frame system
• A shear truss frame system is a structural system commonly used in
building construction to resist lateral forces, such as wind and
earthquakes.
• It consists of a series of vertical and diagonal members that work
together to transfer these lateral forces to the foundation of the
building.
• The truss system is designed to provide stability and strength to the
structure, preventing it from collapsing or deforming under the
influence of these forces.
• The shear truss frame system is often used in combination with other
structural systems, such as moment frames or braced frames, to create
a comprehensive lateral force resisting system in a building.
Belt and outrigger trusses
Belt Trusses:
• Function: Belt trusses are horizontal trusses located at various levels of the building, typically
near the perimeter. They serve to distribute lateral loads, such as wind or seismic forces, and
reduce the bending moments on the structure.
Benefits:
• Improve overall structural stability by resisting lateral forces.
• Reduce building sway and control deflections, enhancing occupant comfort.
• Allow for more open floor plans by providing lateral load resistance without the need for
interior shear walls.
Design Considerations:
• Belt trusses are often designed to be aesthetically pleasing and can be integrated into the
architectural design of the building.
• They may require careful coordination with other building elements, such as façade systems and
floor layouts.
Cont’d

2. Outrigger Systems:
• Function: Outrigger systems consist of vertical and horizontal elements that transfer lateral forces
from the perimeter of the building to the core. They help reduce building sway and improve
overall stability.
Benefits:
• Increase overall stiffness and strength of the building to resist lateral loads.
• Provide effective load transfer from the perimeter to the core, reducing structural demands on
individual elements.
• Enhance building performance in terms of wind and seismic resistance.
Design Considerations:
• Outrigger systems are often integrated into the structural design of high-rise buildings to enhance
lateral load resistance.
• Careful consideration is needed for the location, size, and detailing of outrigger elements to
optimize their effectiveness.
mixed steel-concrete system
• A mixed steel-concrete system, also known as a composite system, combines the
advantages of steel and concrete in a structural design to create a more efficient and
robust building system.
• This system typically involves using steel beams or columns in conjunction with concrete
elements, such as slabs or shear walls, to form a cohesive and integrated structural
framework. Benefits:
• Increased strength and stiffness compared to traditional steel or
concrete systems.
• Enhanced fire resistance due to the combined properties of steel and
concrete.
• Improved structural performance under gravity loads, lateral loads,
and seismic events.
• Potential for longer spans and reduced floor thicknesses, leading to
more flexible architectural layouts.
Design Considerations:
• Proper detailing and connection design are crucial to ensure effective
composite action between steel and concrete elements.
• Material compatibility, construction tolerances, and long-term
durability should be considered during the design process.
• Structural analysis and design methods specific to composite
construction are used to optimize the performance of the system.
•
In-filled frames
In-filled frames, also known as infill walls or infilled frames, are a structural system commonly
used in buildings to provide lateral resistance against wind and seismic forces.
• In-filled frames consist of a primary structural frame (usually made of steel or reinforced
concrete) that is filled or infilled with non-structural elements such as masonry walls, glass panels,
or lightweight materials.
• These infill elements work together with the primary frame to enhance the overall structural
performance of the building.
Cont’d
Design Considerations:
• Proper detailing and connection design between the primary frame and infill walls are essential to ensure
effective load transfer and structural integrity.
• Compatibility between the materials used for the primary frame and infill walls should be considered to
prevent differential movement or cracking.
• The stiffness and strength of the infill materials need to be carefully evaluated to optimize the overall
structural performance of the in-filled frame system.
Advantages:
• In-filled frames offer a cost-effective solution for providing lateral resistance in buildings.
• They allow for flexible architectural designs by combining structural and non-structural elements.
• In-fill walls can enhance the energy efficiency, acoustic performance, and fire safety of the building.
Challenges:
• Inconsistent behavior of different types of infill materials under lateral loads can lead to complex structural
behavior.
• Compatibility issues between the primary frame and infill walls may arise if not properly addressed during
design and construction.
• Maintenance and repair of in-fill walls can be challenging due to their non-structural nature.
Braced frame
• Braced frames are cantilevered vertical trusses resisting laterals loads primarily diagonal members
that together with the girders, form the “web” of the vertical truss, with the columns acting as the
“chords’’.
• Bracing members eliminate bending in beams and columns

•It is used in steel construction

•This system is suitable for multistory building in the low to mid
height range.
•efficient and economical for enhancing the lateral stiffness and
resistance of rigid frame system.
•This system permits the use of slender members in a building.
•An outstanding advantage of braced frame is that, it can be
repetitive up the height of the building with obvious economy in
design and fabrication.
•However, it might obstruct internal planning and the location of
doors and windows. That is why it shall be incorporated
internally along with lines of walls and partitions.
Tube-in-tube
• Tube-in-tube structural systems are a type of structural design commonly used in high-rise
buildings to provide enhanced lateral resistance against wind and seismic forces.
• This system consists of two concentric tubes or cores, one inside the other, which work together to
resist lateral loads and provide stability to the building.

• The outer tube, known as the perimeter tube, forms the

exterior shell of the building and carries vertical gravity
loads.
• The inner tube, known as the core tube, is located at the
center of the building and primarily resists lateral loads
such as wind and seismic forces.
• The core tube is typically more rigid and robust than the
perimeter tube to provide enhanced lateral stability.
Hybrid structural system

• It is the combination of two or more of basic structural forms either by direct combination or by
adopting different forms in different parts of the structure.
• Its lack of torsional stiffness requires that additional measures be taken, which resulted in one bay
vertical exterior bracing and a number of levels of perimeter vierendeel “bandages”
• It can be used for the buildings of as high as 300m.
• According to chines code (JGJ3-2002), hybrid system can be used for the construction of
buildings with maximum 150m height in seismic regions.