PMAS ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY,

RAWALPINDI
Presentation
Department of Physics

Submitted to: Dr. Aftab Farrukh

Submitted By:
1. Sahad Arshad Awan
2. Muhammad Waqas Amjad
3. Muhammad Wajahat
4. Saba Zafar
5. Huma Raza
Arduino Microcontrollers: Powering the
Future of Embedded Systems

Arduino microcontrollers are incredibly versatile and powerful

tools, used in a wide range of applications, from hobbyist projects
to industrial systems.
What is Arduino?
It is an open-source electronics platform designed to make it
easy for users to create interactive electronic projects. It's
widely used in hobby projects, education, prototyping, and
even industrial applications.

Key Features of Arduino

Hardware:
It includes a series of physical computing boards,
each equipped with a microcontroller (the brain of the board).

Software:
The Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) allows easy programming using a simplified
version of C/C++. It also provides libraries and examples to
get users started quickly.
What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is the central part of an Arduino board. It is a small
computer on a chip that includes a processor, memory, and I/O
(input/output) ports, which control other devices connected to the
Arduino.

How Arduino Uses Microcontrollers?

Arduino uses microcontrollers to control sensors, motors, and other
electronic components by reading input and executing code that
determines how to interact with those components.

For example; an Arduino can read temperature data from a sensor and
then control a fan based on that data.
Board Name Microcontr Memory I/O Pin Power Other Features
oller Supply
Arduino UNO ATmega328 2 KB RAM, 14 5V DC USB programming, on-
P 32 KB digital, board regulator
Flash 6
analog
Arduino Mega ATmega256 8 KB RAM, 54 5V DC Ethernet shield, SD card
0 256 KB digital, slot
Flash 16
analog
Arduino Nano ATmega328 2 KB RAM, 14 5V DC Small form factor, USB
P 32 KB digital, programming
Flash 8
analog
Arduino ATmega32U 2 KB RAM, 20 5V DC Native USB host
Leonardo 4 32 KB digital, capabilities
Flash 12
analog
Arduino Yún ATmega328 2 KB RAM, 14 5V DC Linux-based
P 32 KB digital, microcontroller , Built-in
Flash 6 WiFi
Arduino Uno Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Leonardo

Arduino Esplora
Arduino Yún Arduino MKR1000 Arduino Due
 Arduino Uno
We Use Arduino UNO in our Project. Here, there are
some key features.
Key Features:
• ATmega328P microcontroller: A powerful 8-
bit microcontroller that provides the processing
power for your projects.
• 14 digital I/O pins: These pins can be used to
control digital signals, such as turning LEDs on
and off or reading the state of buttons.
• 6 analog inputs: These inputs can be used to
measure analog signals, such as temperature or
light intensity.
• 16 MHz crystal oscillator: Provides a precise
clock signal for the microcontroller.
• USB interface for programming: Allows you
to connect the board to your computer for
programming and debugging.
• On-board power regulator: Converts the input
voltage (5V or 3.3V) to a regulated 3.3V supply
 Arduino Uno Applications

•Examples of Arduino Uno projects:

• Robotics: Building robots that can move, sense their
environment, and interact with the world.
• Home automation: Creating automated systems to
control lights, appliances, and other devices in your
home.
• Internet of Things (IoT): Connecting physical objects
to the internet and enabling them to communicate with
each other.
• Wearable technology: Designing electronic devices that
can be worn on the body, such as fitness trackers or
smartwatches.
• Scientific instrumentation: Building custom
instruments for scientific research, such as weather
 Arduino Uno Characteristics
•Discuss the following characteristics:
• Compact size: The Arduino Uno is a small and portable
board, making it easy to integrate into various projects.
• Easy to use: The Arduino IDE provides a simple and
intuitive interface for programming the board, making it
accessible to beginners and experienced users alike.
• Low cost: The Arduino Uno is relatively inexpensive,
making it a great option for students, hobbyists, and
professionals on a budget.
• Cross-platform compatibility: The Arduino IDE runs
on Windows, macOS, and Linux, making it compatible
with a wide range of computers.
• Extensive community support: There is a large and
active community of Arduino users who share their
knowledge, projects, and resources online.
 Arduino Uno Programming
•Explain the Arduino Integrated Development Environment
(IDE)
• The Arduino IDE is a free and open-source software
application that provides a user-friendly environment for
writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino boards.
•Demonstrate basic programming concepts:
• Variables: Variables are used to store data, such as
numbers, text, or boolean values.
• Data types: Arduino supports various data types, including
int (integers), float (floating-point numbers), char
(characters), and boolean (true or false values).
• Control flow: Control flow statements, such as if-else
statements, loops, and functions, allow you to control the
execution of your code.
• Functions: Functions are reusable blocks of code that can
 Arduino Uno Input/Output

•Explain how to use digital and analog I/O pins

• Digital I/O pins: These pins can be used to control
digital signals, such as turning LEDs on and off or
reading the state of buttons. They can be set to
HIGH (5V) or LOW (0V).
• Analog I/O pins: These pins can be used to
measure analog signals, such as temperature or
light intensity. They can measure voltages between
0V and 5V.
•Discuss examples of input and output devices
• Sensors: Temperature sensors, light sensors,
humidity sensors, motion sensors, etc.
• Actuators: LEDs, motors, servos, buzzers, etc.
 Arduino Uno Communication
•Discuss communication protocols:
• Serial communication: A simple and versatile protocol that
allows you to send and receive data between the Arduino and
other devices, such as your computer or other Arduino
boards.
• I2C: A synchronous communication protocol that allows
multiple devices to communicate on a single pair of wires.
• SPI: A synchronous communication protocol that allows
multiple devices to communicate on a single bus.
•Explain how to communicate with other devices
• Serial communication: Use the Serial.begin() function to
initialize the serial port, and then use the Serial.print() and
Serial.println() functions to send data and the Serial.read()
function to receive data.
• I2C: Use the Wire library to communicate with I2C devices.
 Arduino Uno Power Supply

•Explain power options:

• USB port: You can power the Arduino Uno by
connecting it to your computer's USB port.
• External power supply (5V): You can also
power the Arduino Uno using an external 5V
DC power supply.
• Battery: You can use a battery to power the
Arduino Uno for portable applications.
•Discuss power consumption and efficiency
• The Arduino Uno is a relatively low-power
device, but it's important to consider the power
consumption of your project and choose an
appropriate power source.
 Arduino Uno Shields

•Define Arduino shields

• Arduino shields are expansion boards
that can be stacked on top of the
Arduino Uno to add new features and
functionalities.
•Discuss popular shields:
• Ethernet shield: Provides Ethernet
connectivity, allowing you to connect
the Arduino to the internet.