CHAPTER 5

Python Standard
Libraries

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Working with path, files and directories
Python supports file handling and allows
users to handle files.
i.e., to read and write files, along with many
other file handling options, to operate on files.

 Python treats file differently as text or

binary and this is
important.

 Each line of code includes a sequence of

characters and they form
text file. Each line of a file is terminated with
a special character, called the EOL or End of
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Python standard libraries
Working with paths
Pathlib module in Python provides various
classes representing file system paths with
semantics appropriate for different operating
systems. This module comes under Python’s
standard utility modules.

Path class is a basic building block to work

with files and directories.

import the Path class from pathlib module

from pathlib import Path
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Python standard libraries
Working with paths
 can create a path class object like
Path(“C:\\Program Files\Microsoft”)

 create a Path object that represents a

current directory like
Path()

 can also get the home directory of current

user using home method
Path.home()

Dept. of Computer Engineering

Python standard libraries
Working with paths
 create a path object
to get the use of  check if the directory
some methods present or not
path = path.is_dir()
Path(“D://testmodule/test.t
xt”)  get the file name in
the path by name
 check if the path
property
exists or not print(path.name)
path.exist()
 get the file name
 check if the path without extension by
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Python standard libraries
Working with paths
 get the extension
only by suffix
property
print(path.suffix)  display the absolute
It will display .py path by using
absolute method.
 get the parent
print(path.absolute())
directory by
using parent
property.
print(path.parent)

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Python standard libraries
Working with Directories
 Path object can be
created using  to iterate through all
path= Path(“test”) the files and
directories
 create and remove for p in path.iterdir():
directories print(p)
path.mkdir(‘name’)  if we want to see
path.rmdir(‘name’) just the directories,
for p in path.iterdir():
 can rename it by if p.is_dir():
path.rename(“abc”) print(p)

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Python standard libraries
Working with files
 How we can work with files, refer to the file
to work with using Path class object.
path = Path(“D://testmodule/test.txt”)
 check if the file the file using stat
exists or not method
path.exists() print(path.stat())
 Reading from a file
 rename the file can be done using
using rename read_text method
method print(path.read_text())
path.rename(“init.txt”)  can write into the
 delete the file using file using write_text
unlink
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Computer Engineering
Python standard libraries
Working with CSV
 CSV stands for Comma Separated Values
which is a file that stores the values
separated with comma. They serve as
 simple
can usemeans to storefile
csv module and = transfer data.
to work with csv open(“data.csv”,”w”)
files.
import csv  csv module has
writer method to
 can open a csv file write content into
and write into it by csv file
using built in open writer = csv.writer(file)
function
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Python standard libraries
Working with CSV
 Can use writer to write tabular data into csv
file. For this, we need to use write row
method to which we need to pass values in
form of array.

write.writerow([“transaction_id”,”product_id”,”price”])
write.writerow([1000,1,5])
write.writerow([1001,2,15])
file.close()

 Here, we have created three rows with three

columns in a csv file.
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Python standard libraries
Working with CSV
 Can read the csv file using reader method.
file = open(“data.csv”)
reader = csv.reader(file)
reader = list(reader)
for row in reader:
print(row)

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Python standard libraries
Working with time and datetime
 There are two modules which we can use to
work with date and time.
1) time
2) Datetime
 Use of time module
import time Output:
time1 = time.time() Wed Nov 23 14:40:52 2022
curr = time.ctime(time1)
print(“current time”,curr)

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Python standard libraries
Working with time and datetime
 To work with date and time, we can use
datetime class of datetime module
from datetime import datetime
 can create a datetime object
datetime object which represents the
by mentioning year, current date and
month and day. time.
dt = datetime(2022, 12, dt = datetime.now()
25) print(dt)
print(dt)
Output:
Output: 2022-11-23
Dept.2022-12-25
of Computer 00:00:00
Engineering
Python standard libraries
Working with time and datetime
 To convert it to datetime object, we need to
specify which part of full date represents
what. So, we can do that by writing:
dt= datetime.strptime("2022/12/25", "%Y/%m/%d")
print(dt)
Output:
2022-12-25 00:00:00

where, %Y, %m and %d are directives to

represent four-digit year, two-digit month and
two-digit date respectively.

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Python standard libraries
Working with time and datetime
 can use strftime method to do excat
opposite, i.e. convert datetime object to
string.
dt = datetime(2022,12,25)
print(dt.strftime("%Y/%m/%d"))

Output:
2022/12/25

 can convert timestamp into datetime object

using fromtimestamp() method.
import time
Dept.dt=datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())
of Computer Engineering
Python standard libraries
Working with time and datetime
 datetime object has two datetime objects
properties like year to know which date is
and month which we greater
can use to print year
and month. dt1 = datetime(2022,1,1)
print(dt.year) dt2 =
print(dt.month) datetime(2022,12,25)
print(dt2 > dt1)
Output:
2022 above code will print
11 TRUE as date in dt2 is
 can also compare greater.
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