Chapter 11

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 Approaches to System Development

Chapter 11

Systems Analysis and Design

in a Changing World 6th Ed
Satzinger, Jackson & Burd

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Chapter 11 Outline

The System Development Life Cycle

Methodologies, Models, Tools, and Techniques
Agile Development

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Learning Objectives
Compare the underlying assumptions and uses of a
predictive and an adaptive system development life
cycle (SDLC)
Explain what makes up a system development
methodology—the SDLC as well as models, tools, and
techniques
Describe the key features of Agile development

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Overview
Chapter 1 demonstrated a system development project that
used an iterative and agile system development life cycle (SDLC)
Later chapters focused on Systems Analysis activities and tasks
and some System Design activities and tasks
Now we return to look at the SDLC and related concepts in more
detail
Predictive versus Adaptive SDLC variations
Activities and Tasks of System Support
Models, Methodologies, Tools and Techniques
Agile Development
Specific SDLC Approaches
Unified Process (UP)
Extreme Programming (XP)
Scrum

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 The System Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
There are two general approaches to the SDLC
Predictive Approach to the SDLC
Waterfall model
Assumes the project can be planned in advance and that the
information system can be developed according to the plan
Requirements are well understood and/or low technical risk
Adaptive Approach to the SDLC
Iterative model (as see in this text)
Assumes the project must be more flexible and adapt to changing
needs as the project progresses
Requirements and needs are uncertain and/or high technical risk

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Traditional Predictive SDLC
Earlier approach based on engineering
Typically have sequential Phases
Phases are related groups of development
activities, such as planning, analysis, design,
implementation, and deployment
Waterfall model
SDLC that assumes phases can be completed
sequentially with no overlap or iteration
Once one phase is completed, you fall over the
waterfall to the next phase, no going back

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 Tradition IS Development Phases

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Waterfall Predictive SDLC

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Modified Waterfall with Overlapping Phases
More flexibility, but still assumes predictive planning
and sequential phases

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Newer Adaptive SDLC
Emerged in response to increasingly complex
requirements and uncertain technological
environments
Always includes iterations where some of design and
implementation is done from the beginning
Many developers claim it is the only way to develop
information systems
Many IS managers are still sceptical due to apparent
lack of overall plan

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Adaptive Approaches
Incremental development
Completes portions of the system in small
increments and integrated as the project
progresses
Sometimes considered “growing” a system
Walking Skeleton
The complete system structure is built first, but
with bare-bones functionality

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 A Generic Adaptive Approach
Six Core Processes go across iterations
Multiple Iterations as required

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 Methodologies
A Methodology includes a collection of techniques
that are used to complete activities and tasks,
including modeling, for every aspect of the project

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Methodologies, Models, Tools, and Techniques

Model
An abstraction of an important aspect of the real world.
Makes it possible to understand a complex concept by
focusing only on a relevant part
Each model shows a different aspect of the concept
Crucial for communicating project information
In IS, some models are of system components that will
be developed
Other models are used to manage the development
process

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Methodologies, Models, Tools, and Techniques

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
 Methodologies, Models, Tools, and Techniques

Tools
Software applications that assists developers in
creating models or other components required for
a project
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
set of tools that work together to provide a
comprehensive development environment
Visual Modeling Tools
Tools to create graphical models

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Methodologies, Models, Tools, and Techniques

Some typical tools

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Methodologies, Models, Tools, and Techniques
Technique
A collection of guidelines that help an analyst complete an activity or
task
Learning techniques is the key to having expertise in a field

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 Agile Development
A guiding philosophy and set of guidelines for
developing information systems in an unknown,
rapidly changing environment
Chaordic
A term for adaptive projects – chaotic yet ordered

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Agile Development
Agile Values in “Manifesto for Agile Software
Development”
Value responding to change over following a plan
Value individuals and interactions over processes
and tools
Value working software over comprehensive
documentation
Value customer collaboration over contract
negotiation

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 Agile Modeling Principles
Agile Modeling (AM) – 12 Principles
A philosophy – build only necessary models that
are useful and at the right level of detail

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Agile Principles
Develop software as the primary goal
Don’t get distracted by documentation or models
Enable the next effort as your secondary goal
Be aware of next step versions or revisions
Minimize your modeling activity
Only build what helps move the project forward
Embrace change and change incrementally
Take small steps that keep you on-track and that
can be reversed if necessary

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th edition - Chapter 10

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 Agile Principles
Model with a purpose
Model to understand
Model to communicate
Build multiple models
Look at problems from different perspectives
Build high-quality models and get feedback
Focus on content rather than representation
Informal hand-drawn models are sometimes okay
Always focus on stakeholder needs

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 Agile Principles

Learn from each other with open communication

Know your models and how to use them
Adapt to specific project needs
Maximize stakeholder RMI

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