Chapter 6

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 Foundations for Systems Design

Chapter 6

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World 7th Ed

Satzinger, Jackson & Burd

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Ed - Chapter 6

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 Chapter 6 Outline
What Is Systems Design?
Design Activities
System Controls and Security

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Ed - Chapter 6

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 Learning Objectives
Describe systems design and contrast it with
systems analysis
List the documents and models used as inputs
to or output from systems design
Explain each major design activity
Describe security methods and controls

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 Overview
Analysis says “what” is required and design tells us “how”
the system will be configured and constructed
Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 covered systems analysis activities
(requirements)
This chapter introduces system design and the design
activities involved in systems development
Design bridges the gap between requirements to actual
implementation

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 What is Systems Design
Analysis provides the starting point for design
Design provides the starting point for
implementation
Analysis and design results are documented to
coordinate the work
Objective of design is to define, organize, and
structure the components of the final solution
to serve as a blue print for construction

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 Design Models
Design is a model building activity
The formality of the project will dictate the
type, complexity, and depth of models
Agile/iteration projects typically build fewer
models, but models are still created
Jumping to programming without design often
causes less than optimum solutions and may
require rework

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 Design Activities
Design activities correspond to components of
the new system
The environment
Application components
User interface
Database
Software classes and methods

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 Key Design Questions for each Activity

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 Describe the Environment
Two key elements in the environment
Communications with External Systems
Message formats
Web and networks
Communication protocols
Security methods
Error detection and recovery
Conforming to an existing Technology Architecture
Discover and describe existing architecture
Chapter 7 provides more details

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 Design the Application Components
Application component is a well defined unit of
software that performs some function(s)
Issues involve how to package components
including
Scope and size – what are the functions,
boundaries, interfaces?
Programming language – what are the accepted
languages?
Build or buy – is an acceptable version available to
purchase?

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 Design the User Interface
To the user, the User Interface is the system.
The user interface has large impact of user
productivity
Includes both Analysis and Design tasks
Requires heavy user involvement
Current needs require multiple user interfaces
Many different devices and environments

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 Design the Database
By definition, an Information System requires
data – usually in a database
Current technology frequently use Relational
Database Management Systems (RDBMS)
Requires converting the data model to a
relational database
Requires addressing of many other technical
issues
Throughput and response time
Security

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 Design Software Classes and Methods
AKA Detailed Design
A model building activity
Design Class Diagram
Sequence Diagrams
State-Machine Diagrams

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 System Controls and Security
Integrity Controls
Controls that maintain integrity of inputs, outputs
and data and programs
Security Controls
Controls that protect the assets from threats,
internal and external

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 Integrity and Security Controls

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Ed - Chapter 6

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 Designing Integrity Controls
Integrated into application programs and DBMS
Objectives of Integrity Controls
Ensure that only appropriate and correct business
transactions are accepted
Ensure that transactions are recorded and
processed correctly
To protect and safeguard assets such as the
database

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 Input Controls
Prevent invalid or erroneous data from entering the
system
Value Limit Controls
Check the range of inputs for reasonableness
Completeness Controls
Ensure all the data has been entered
Data Validation Controls
Ensure that specific data values are correct
Field Combination Controls
Ensure data is correct based on relationships between fields

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 Output Controls
To ensure that output arrives at proper
destination (for authorized eyes) and is
accurate, current, and complete
Examples
Physical access to printers and display devices
Labels on printed and electronic output to correctly
identify source of data

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 Redundancy, Backup and Recovery
Protect data and systems from catastrophes
Databases
Hardware
Software applications
Networks

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 Fraud Prevention
Critical to prevent internal fraud,
embezzlement, or loss
Fraud triangle
Opportunity
Motive
Rationalization

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 Fraud Risk – Factors and Techniques

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 Designing Security Controls
Protect all assets against external threats
Other objectives
Protect and maintain a stable, functioning
operating environment 24/7 (equipment, operating
systems, DBMSs)
Protect information and transactions during
transmission across networks and Internet

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 Designing Security Controls
Access Controls – Limit a person’s ability to
access servers, files, data, applications
Authentication – to identify users
Multifactor Authentication
Access control list – list of valid users
Authorization – authenticated user’s list of
permission level for each resource
Registered Users – those with authorization
Unauthorized Users – anyone not registered
Privileged Users – those that maintain lists and
systems
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Ed - Chapter 6
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 Types of
users

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 Data Encryption
Method to secure data – stored or in transmission
Encryption – alter data so it is unrecognizable
Decryption – converted encrypted data back to
readable format
Encryption Algorithm – mathematical
transformation of the data
Encryption Key – a long data string that allows the
same algorithm to produce unique encryptions

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 Symmetric Key Encryption
Encryption method that uses the same key to
encrypt and decrypt

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 Asymmetric Key Encryption
Encryption method that uses different keys to
encrypt and decrypt
AKA Public Key Encryption

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 Digital Signatures and Certificates
Digital Signature – technique where a document
is encrypted using a private key
Digital Certificate – An organizations name and
public that is encrypted and certified by an
authorized third party
Certifying Authority – the authorized third party
Widely known and accepted – built into Web
browsers

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Ed - Chapter 6

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 Secure Transactions
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) – standard set of
protocols for authentication and authorization
Transport Layer Security (TLS) – an Internet
standard equivalent to SSL
IP Security (IPSec) – Internet security protocol at
a low-level transmission
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) –
Internet standard to transmit Web pages

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Ed - Chapter 6

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