BATTERY THERMAL

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
GROUP MEMBERS:
• MD SHAHBAZ KHAN
• MOHAMMAD OBAID AHSAN
• MD RIZWAN

SUPERVISED BY:
FROF. HAROON ASHFAQ
INTRODUCTION TO BATTERY
THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• Owners of EVs expect their vehicles to have reasonable accelerations
under all weather conditions.

• They also expect the batteries in these vehicles to have a lifespan of 5-10
years.

• In these conditions thermal management of the batteries in these vehicles

is crucial to their performance and lifetime, but there are often trade-offs in
design parameters.

• Creation of a model for these systems can help engineers analyze these
trade-offs, evaluate performance and design controls.
INTRODUCTION TO BATTERY
THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Analyze trade-offs
and design
parameters

Model battery
thermal Evaluate
management performance
system

Design Controls
WHY IS BATTERY THERMAL
MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT?
• The lifetime and performance of a battery depends on the
operating temperature.

• Higher temperatures can increase the capacity of the battery, but

it will eventually decrease the lifetime of the battery.

• This plot shows the lifetime and capacity for a simple battery
model in normalized units as a function of temperature.

• Ideally, we’d like to maintain temperature near the crossing of

these two lines which is around 220C to 250C in a typical battery.
WHY IS BATTERY THERMAL
MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT?
• One of the main design goals is to design a controller to keep the
battery temperature in this range.
HOW CAN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
BATTERY BE EFFECTIVELY MANAGED?

• Effectively battery temperature management can be achieved

through different method including-

1. Liquid cooling.

2. Air cooling.

3. Phase change Material (PCM) cooling.

4. Thermoelectric cooling.
Liquid cooling
• Thermal management using liquid cooling is a highly effective way to
manage heat in high-performance.

• The main benefit of a liquid based BTMS is that it is able to achieve

higher heat transfer rates.

• Numerous types of fluids are used as coolants for liquid based BTMS
including water, oils, and ethylene glycol .

• fluid type has different viscosity and specific heat capacity.

• The selected fluid type is dependent on the amount of heat needed to be

absorbed.
BATTERY THERMAL MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE
LIQUID SYSTEM
COMPONENT USED IN A LIQUID COOLING
BATTERY THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. Cooling Plate.

2. Liquid Pump.

3. Expansion Tank.

4. Heat Exchanger/Radiator

5. Control Valve.
1. Cooling Plate.
• There is a cold plate which channels a coolant near the battery cell to
exchange heat with them.

• The cold plate in this model has a surface area that in contact with the
battery.

• The high heat conductivity and low weight enhanced the heat transfer
between the battery and the fluid.

• Cooling plates help maintain a uniform temperature across the battery,

preventing thermal imbalances and enhancing battery lifespan.

• This efficient temperature management contributes to optimal performance

and reliability.
2. Liquid Pump
• The pump circulates the fluid through the cold plate and back to the
heat exchanger.

• It is powered by an electric motor, which we will think of as ideal. This

makes it easier to analyze and understand its performance.

• Pumps designed for liquid cooling systems should be energy-efficient to

minimize additional energy consumption from the battery system.

• Pumps can be designed to adjust flow rates dynamically based on the

thermal load of the battery.

• Pumps should have built-in safety features, such as pressure relief

valves, to protect the system from potential failures.
3. Expansion Tank

• It’s purpose is to keep reserve fluid and ensure the system doesn’t dry
out.

• Expansion tanks help maintain a stable pressure within the cooling

system, which is crucial for optimal pump performance and coolant
flow.

• The expansion tank stores extra coolant to keep the system full when
the coolant heats up and expands or cools down and contracts.

• Stable pressure and temperature control reduce wear on pumps, pipes,

and other cooling components, extending their lifespan.
4. Heat Exchanger
• Radiators are heat exchangers that keep battery at safe operating
temperatures.

• Keeps batteries within an optimal temperature range, extending their

lifespan and improving performance.

• Heat exchangers transfer heat in air conditioning and heating units to

maintain comfortable temperatures.

• Heat exchangers allow for precise control over battery temperatures,

essential for performance and safety.

• Maintaining optimal temperatures prevents overheating and prolongs

battery life.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HEAT EXCHANGER
GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNING THE
THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN A
BATTERY
• Effectiveness: To ensure that the battery has sufficient cooling capacity. An
overheated battery might pose danger to the passengers on the vehicle.
Alternately a system that is not warm enough might not produce enough
acceleration.

• Energy consumption: The system should consume least amount of energy

possible while maintaining our desired temperature. Using less energy to
cool the battery means more is available to extend the vehicle’s range.

• Complexity: The system should be as simple as possible. This will ensure

lower manufacturing cost and increase maintainability over the lifetime of
the battery.[2]
BUILDING A MODEL
• A good way to begin assessing our system requirement is to build a model
for it.

• A good model can increase our productivity by allowing us to design

controls prior to obtaining hardware.

• We can also explore a large space of parameter values with the end goal
of finding the optimum case. This will help ensure the system behaves
properly across a range of operating conditions.
BUILDING A MODEL

• We can get to know how the system will behave in extreme conditions.
That is, for example, with a well built model we don’t need to actually
take our vehicle to a -400C environment to test the control or outer
rhythm behaviour, which normally requires expensive testing. Instead
we can just simulate the conditions.[2]

Advantages of
building a
model

Design
Explore the
controls Answer What
parameter
without if? questions
space
hardware
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
MODEL
• It is only as complex as its needs to be: A model
should be able to match empirical data over our use
cases with a minimal amount of detail. This makes
model maintenance easier.

• It can be updated to reflect new measurements or

architectural changes to the system

• In a model-based design paradigm, models evolve with

the hardware in an incremental back and forth fashion
REFERENCES
1. A. Hariprasad, I. Priyanka, R. Sandeep, and O. S. V. Ravi, “Battery Management System in Electric Vehicles,” International
Journal of Engineering Research and, vol. V9, no. 05, May 2020, doi: 10.17577/IJERTV9IS050458.

2. O. Kalaf, D. Solyali, M. Asmael, Q. Zeeshan, B. Safaei, and A. Askir, “Experimental and simulation study of liquid coolant battery
thermal management system for electric vehicles: A review,” Int J Energy Res, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 6495–6517, Apr. 2021, doi:
10.1002/er.6268.

3. S. Goodarzi, R. Beiranvand, S. M. Mousavi, and M. Mohamadian, “A new algorithm for increasing balancing speed of
switched-capacitor lithium-ion battery cell equalizers,” in The 6th Power Electronics, Drive Systems & Technologies Conference
(PEDSTC2015), IEEE, Feb. 2015, pp. 292–297. doi: 10.1109/PEDSTC.2015.7093290.

4. K. W. E. Cheng, B. P. Divakar, H. Wu, K. Ding, and H. F. Ho, “Battery-Management System (BMS) and SOC Development for
Electrical Vehicles,” IEEE Trans Veh Technol, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 76–88, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2010.2089647.

5. H. Rahimi-Eichi, U. Ojha, F. Baronti, and M.-Y. Chow, “Battery Management System: An Overview of Its Application in the Smart
Grid and Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 4–16, Jun. 2013, doi:
10.1109/MIE.2013.2250351.
THANK YOU!