PROPOSITIONAL

LOGIC
CSE 2213 – Discrete Mathematics
Course teacher: Md. Rayhan Ahmed

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CONDITIONAL
PROPOSITIONS

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 If today is Friday, then elephants fly in the sky.
Is this statement true?

It is true
everyday
I don’t know. Is it?except Friday.

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CONSIDER THIS SENTENCE
If it rains, I will stay home.

WHEN IS THIS SENTENCE TRUE?

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IF IT RAINS, I WILL STAY
HOME

The sentence is true if it is raining, and you are staying home.

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WHAT IF IT DOESN’T
RAIN?

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IF IT RAINS, I WILL STAY
HOME
If it does not rain, you might still stay home
(probably because you are sick)

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IF IT RAINS, I WILL STAY
HOME
The sentence does not say anything about what if it does not rain
So if it does not rain, we can say you have not broken any condition
So if it does not rain, the sentence is true whether you stay home
or not

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SO WHEN IS THIS
SENTENCE FALSE?

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IF IT RAINS, I WILL STAY
HOME
The sentence is false if it
rains,
and you go out anyway

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CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
If it rains, I will stay home.
 We can also say “It is raining implies
that I will stay home”
T T T
T F F
 If then F T T
 implies
F F T
 if

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SUFFICIENT CONDITION
Note that while you may stay home for any reason, if it rains we
know that we will find you home
In other words, knowing that it is raining is sufficient to know that
you are home
Generally, for the proposition , is the sufficient condition for

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NOW TELL ME AGAIN …
If today is Friday, elephants fly in the sky.
Is this statement true?

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NOW CONSIDER THIS
SENTENCE
You will pass only if you study.

WHEN IS THIS SENTENCE TRUE?

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YOU WILL PASS ONLY IF YOU
STUDY

The sentence is true if you study, and you pass

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WHAT IF YOU DON’T STUDY?

YOU FAIL
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WHAT IF YOU DON’T
PASS?

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YOU WILL PASS ONLY IF YOU
STUDY

You may not pass even if you have studied

(probably because you became sick)
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YOU WILL PASS ONLY IF YOU
STUDY
Even though you have studied, you may not pass for a variety of
reasons
So if you do not pass, that does not violate any condition
So if you do not pass, the sentence is true whether you have
studied or not

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NECESSARY CONDITION
Note that while you may fail for any possible reason, you must
study in order to pass
In another word, in order to pass, it is necessary that you study

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NECESSARY CONDITION

You will pass only if you study

 only if

only if
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

!!!
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NECESSARY CONDITION AND
SUFFICIENT CONDITION
Generally, for the proposition , is the necessary condition for ,
and is the sufficient condition for
In our first example (If it rains, I will stay home), staying home is
necessary for you if it rains
 It is raining only if I stay home

In our second example (You will pass only if you study), passing is
sufficient to realize that you have studied
 If you have passed, you have studied

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 দুইটা জিনিস মনে রাখবেন

If clause is the sufficient condition.

Only if clause is the necessary condition.
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OKAY, NOW CONSIDER THIS
SENTENCE
You can take the train if and only if you buy ticket.

WHEN IS THIS SENTENCE TRUE?

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YOU CAN TAKE THE TRAIN IF
AND ONLY IF YOU BUY
TICKET
If you have a ticket, and you take the
train

OR
If you don’t have a ticket, and the TTE
throws you out

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WHEN IS THIS
SENTENCE FALSE?

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YOU CAN TAKE THE TRAIN IF
AND ONLY IF YOU BUY
TICKET
If you have a ticket, and the TTE still
refuses to take you

OR
If you don’t have a ticket, and you take
the train anyway

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BICONDITIONAL STATEMENT
You can take the train if and
only if you buy ticket
T T T
T F F
and are necessary and
F T F
sufficient conditions for each
other F F T

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CONVERSE,
CONTRAPOSITIVE AND
INVERSE
If it rains, I will stay home.
Converse: If I stay home, it is raining.
Contrapositive: If I do not stay home, it is not
raining.
Inverse: If it does not rain, I will not stay home.
Which of these are equivalent?

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