HIGHWAY AND

RAILROAD
ENGINEERING:
LESSON 5
CE408
ENGR. ALYZZA ELAINE B. OJEDA
ENGR. HAROLD LOYD M. ILUSTRISIMO
 COURSE OUTLINE
HIGHWAY AND

ENGINEERING
RAILWAY

Reference: CHED Memorandum Order No. 92 Series 2017

 FUNDAMENTALS OF
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 Agenda
1. Railways Historical
Development
ENGINEERING

2. Philippine Railway System

3. Railways versus Road
Transport
RAILWAY

4. Track Components
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Historical Notes in Railways

1769 – Nicolas Carnot, carried out

the pioneering work of developing
steam energy
ENGINEERING

1804 – Richard Trevithick designed

and
RAILWAY

constructed a steam locomotive

1814 – George Stephenson, produced

the first steam locomotive used for
traction in railways
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT

Historical Notes
in Railways
ENGINEERING

1825 – Recorded first

public railway in the
world was opened to
public, between
RAILWAY

Stockholm and
Darlington
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT

Historical Notes in
Railways
ENGINEERING

1833 – First railway line in

USA between Mohawk
RAILWAY

and Hudson
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT

Historical Notes
in Railways
ENGINEERING

1835 – First railway in

Germany was opened
RAILWAY

from Nuremberg to
Furth
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Historical Notes in
Railways

1875 – King Alfonso XII of Spain

promulgated a Royal Decree
ENGINEERING

directing the Office of the Inspector

of Public Works of the Philippines
to submit a general plan for
RAILWAY

railroads on Luzon (June 25, 1875).

The plan, was entitled

Memoria Sobre el Plan
General de Ferrocarriles en la
Isla de Luzón.
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
History of Philippine
Railways

1876 – Memoria Sobre el Plan

General de Ferrocarriles en la Isla
de Luzón Grand M aster Plan
ENGINEERING

1891 – First rail tracks laid

1892 – Openned for

RAILWAY

commercial use, from

Ferrocarril de M anila to
Dagupan

Source: The Colonial Iron

Horse
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
History of Philippine
Railways

 Before series of wars

engulfed Philippines,
more than a thousand
route-kilometers were
ENGINEERING

built.

 Only 452 km were

operational after
RAILWAY

the war.

 Only 129 km remain

operational (2021). Source:
Esquire

 The government aims to expand

railway network to 1900 km by
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
Greater Manila Railway
Networks

Green – LRT 1
ENGINEERING

Blue – LRT 2 Source: Bernard Arellano

III

Yellow – MRT
RAILWAY

Orange – PNR
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

Greater
Tokyo
ENGINEERING

Railway
Networks
RAILWAY
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail Projects

LRT 1 Cavite Extension –

expected to reduce the
ENGINEERING

travel time between

Baclaran and Bacoor to
around 20 minutes from the
RAILWAY

usual one hour.

 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
Ongoing Rail Projects

LRT 2 East Extension – to add new

stations: Marikina-Pasig and Antipolo
ENGINEERING
RAILWAY
 PHILIPPINE
RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail Projects

ENGINEERING

MRT 7 – elevated railway

from North Ave. to SJDM,
Bulacan. Expected to serve
RAILWAY

350,000 daily commuters.

 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail
Projects

MetroM anila
ENGINEERING

Subway Project –
expected to serve
370,000 daily
RAILWAY

passengers.
 PHILIPPINE
RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail
Projects Source: JICA
North South Commuter Rail
ENGINEERING

Project
– Clark-Calamba Railway,
expected to be full operational
RAILWAY

by 2025
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail
Projects
ENGINEERING

Mindanao Railway
System – Phase 1
construction expected to
RAILWAY

begin Q4 in 2021

Source: M indanao
news
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT

FEATURE RAIL TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT

 The movement of steel wheels

on steel rails has the basic  The tractive resistance of a
Tractive advantage of low rolling pneumatic tire on paved roads is
ENGINEERING

Resistance resistance. almost five times compared to that

 This reduces haulage costs of wheels on rails.
because of low tractive
resistance.
RAILWAY
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT
FEATURE RAIL TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT

 A railway track is defined on

two rails and is within protected  Roads, though having well
limits. defined limits, can be used by any
Right of Way  Trains work as per prescribed vehicular traffic and even by
schedule and no other vehicle has pedestrians they are open to all.
the right of way except at
specified level crossings.
ENGINEERING

 Owing to the heavy infrastructure  The cost of construction and

and equipment, the initial as well
RAILWAY

Cost of Analysis maintenance of roads is

as maintenance cost of a railway comparatively cheaper
line is high
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature Rail Transport Road Transport

 The gradients of railways tracks  Roads are constructed normally

are flatter (normally not more with steeper gradients of up to 1
Gradients and than 1 in 100), and curves are in 30 and relatively much sharper
Curves limited up to only 10° on broad curves.
gauge.
ENGINEERING

 Due to the defined routes and  Road transports have much more
facilities required for the flexibility in movement and can
Flexibility of reception and dispatch of trains, provide door-to-door services.
RAILWAY

movemen railways can be used only

t between fixed points.
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature Rail Transport Road Transport

 Railways have minimum  Road transport creates

Environment adverse effects on the comparatively greater
pollution environment. pollution than the railways.
ENGINEERING

 Road transport is best suited for

 Railways are best suited for carrying lighter goods and smaller
carrying heavy goods and large numbers of passengers over
Suitability
RAILWAY

numbers of passengers over long shorter distances.

distances.
 Track Components
ENGINEERING
RAILWAY

The track is the railroad on which trains

run.
 Track
Components
RAILS

 Rails are the members

of the track laid in two
parallel lines to provide
ENGINEERING

an unchanging,
continuous, and level
surface for the
RAILWAY

movement of trains.
 To be able to withstand
stresses, they
are made of high-
carbon steel.

Source:
 Track Components
RAILS
Functions
1. Rails are similar to steel girders. These are provided to
perform the following functions in a track.
2. Rails provide a continuous and level surface for the
movement of trains.
ENGINEERING

3. Rails provide a pathway which is smooth and has very little

friction.
RAILWAY

4. Rails serve as a lateral guide for the wheels.

5. Rails bear the stresses developed due to vertical loads
transmitted to them through axles and wheels of rolling
stock as well as due to braking and thermal forces.
6. Rails carry out the function of transmitting the load to
 Track Components
RAILS
Types of
Rails
ENGINEERING
RAILWAY
 Track Components
RAILS
Rail Gauge
 Gauge is defined as the minimum distance between
two rails.
 The gauge is measured as the clear minimum
ENGINEERING

distance between the running faces of the two rails

RAILWAY

2021 – CE 28
408
 Track Components
RAILS
Rail Gauge
ENGINEERING
RAILWAY
 Track Components
RAILS
Rail Specification
Every rail has a brand on its web, which is repeated at intervals

IRS-52kg – 710 – TISCO – II 1991 –> OB

ENGINEERING

a) IRS-52-kg: Number of IRS rail section, i.e., 52 kg

b) 710: Grade of rail section, i.e., 710 or 880
RAILWAY

c) TISCO: Manufacturer’s name, e.g., Tata Iron and Steel Co.

d) II 1991: Month and year of manufacture (February 1991)
e) ->: An arrow showing the direction of the top of the ingot
f) OB: Process of steel making, e.g., open hearth basic (OB)
 Track Components
SLEEPERS

 Sleepers are the transverse

ties that are laid to support
the rails.
 They have an important role
ENGINEERING

in the track as they transmit

the wheel load from the
RAILWAY

rails to the ballast.

 Track Components
SLEEPERS
Functions
1. Holding the rails in their correct gauge and alignment
2. Giving a firm and even support to the rails
3. Transferring the load evenly from the rails to a wider area of
ENGINEERING

the ballast
4. Acting as an elastic medium between the rails and the
ballast to absorb the blows and vibrations caused by
RAILWAY

moving loads
5. Providing longitudinal and lateral stability to the permanent
way
6. Providing the means to rectify the track geometry during
their service life.
 Track Components
SLEEPERS
Sleeper Density and Spacing
Sleeper density is the number of sleepers per rail length. It is
specified as M + x or N + x

M or N is the length of the rail in meters and x is a number

that
ENGINEERING

varies
a) axle according
load to factors such as
and speed,
b) type and section of rails, Example: If the sleeper
density is M+ 7 on a
RAILWAY

c) type and strength of the

sleepers, broad-gauge route and the
d) type of ballast and ballast length of the rail is 13 m,
cushion, and It means that 13 + 7 = 20
e) nature of formation. sleepers will be used per
rail on that route.
 Track Components
BALLAST

 The ballast is a layer of broken stones, gravel, or any

other granular material placed and packed below and
around sleepers for distributing load from the sleepers
to the formation.
ENGINEERING

 It provides drainage as well as longitudinal and lateral

stability to the track.
RAILWAY
 Track Components
ENGINEERING
RAILWAY

BALLAST
Moorum ballast - It normally used as the initial ballast in
new constructions and as sub-ballast.
 Track Components

BALLAST

Coarse sand
ENGINEERING

ballast – used
primarily for
RAILWAY

cast iron
rails.
 Track Components

BALLAST

Coal ash cinder –

normally used in
ENGINEERING

yards as initial
ballast in new
constructions
RAILWAY

since it is very
cheap
 Track Components

BALLAST

Broken
stone
ballast –
ENGINEERING

made from
hard stones,
RAILWAY

normally
used for
high- speed
tracks.
 Track Components
BALLAST
Functions
1. Provides a level and hard bed for the sleepers to rest on.
2. Holds the sleepers in position during the passage of trains.
3. Transfers and distributes load from the sleepers to a large
area of the formation.
ENGINEERING

4. Provides elasticity and resilience to the track for proper

riding comfort.
RAILWAY

5. Provides the necessary resistance to the track for

longitudinal and lateral stability.
6. Provides effective drainage to the track.
7. Provides an effective means of maintaining the level and
alignment of the track.
 Track Components
BALLAST
Ballast
Gradation
Size of Sieve % retained

 65 mm  5% maximum
ENGINEERING

 40 mm  40% to 60%
RAILWAY

 Not less than 98% for

 20 mm machine crushed and not
less than 95% for hand
broken
 Track Components
TRACK FITTINGS AND
FASTENINGS
ENGINEERING
RAILWAY

Source: http://www.railway-fasteners.com/news/rail-fastening-system-key-techniques.html
 Track Components
TRACK FITTINGS AND FASTENINGS
For joining rail to rail - Fish plates, combination
fish plates, bolts, and nuts
ENGINEERING
RAILWAY
 Track Components
TRACK FITTINGS AND FASTENINGS
For joining rails to sleepers – Cast-iron bearing
screws, plate screws, pandrol clifts, rubber pads
ENGINEERING
RAILWAY
 Reference
s. Department of Public
1 Works and Highways.1995.
Standard Specification for Public Works and
Highways(Volume II – Standard Specification for
Highways, Bridges and Airports), DPWH, Office of the
Secretary, Bonifacio Drive, Port Area, Manila
ENGINEERING

2. Hay, W. W. 1982. Railroad Engineering, 2nd Edition.

Wiley.
RAILWAY

3. Armstrong J. H. 2008. The Railroad: What It Is, What It

Does, 5th Edition.
4. Prof Marloe B Sundo slides
5. Engr. Kenneth Fajardo slides