HIGHWAY AND

RAILROAD
ENGINEERING:
LESSON
6
CE408
ENGR. ALYZZA ELAINE B. OJEDA
ENGR. HAROLD LOYD M. ILUSTRISIMO
 COURSE OUTLINE
HIGHWAY AND

ENGINEERING
RAILWAY

Reference: CHED Memorandum Order No. 92 Series 2017

FAILURES, MAINTENANCE
AND REHABILITATION OF
TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURES
 TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURES
Transportation infrastructures are foundational
structures and systems for transporting people and
goods.
INFRASTRUCTURES

Common Types of Transportation

TRANSPORTATION

Infrastructures
 Roads  Ship Canals
 Railways  Ports
 Bridges and Tunnels  Airports Runways
 ROADS
Roads such as streets, avenues and highways.
Includes paved roads, unpaved roads and roads with
unique surfaces like cobblestone and such.
Roads Failure Causes
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

 Rutting due to high variation  Poor Design and Fabrication

in ambient temperature  Congestion
 Uncontrolled heavy axle  Environmental Hazard (Flood,
loads
Earthquake etc.)
 Inadequate Stability
 Accidents
 Loss of binding action
 Poor Maintenance
 TYPE OF ROAD FAILURES
THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF PAVEMENT FAILURE ARE:
1. Cracking
 Fatigue Cracking
 Longitudinal
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

Cracking
 Transverse Cracking
 Block Cracking
 Slippage Cracking
 Reflective Cracking
 Edge Cracking
 TYPE OF ROAD FAILURES
THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF PAVEMENT FAILURE ARE:

2. Surface
Deformation

INFRASTRUCTURES

Rutting
TRANSPORTATION

 Corrugations
 Shoving
 Depressions
 Swell
 TYPE OF ROAD FAILURES
THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF PAVEMENT FAILURE ARE:

3. Disintegration
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

 Pot Holes
 Patches
 TYPE OF ROAD FAILURES
THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF PAVEMENT FAILURE ARE:

4. Surface
Defects
INFRASTRUCTURES

 Ravelling
TRANSPORTATION

 Bleeding
 Polishing
 Delamination
 Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation
Includes
Physical Maintenance:
Activities such as sealing, patching, filling joints etc.
Traffic Service activities:
Including painting pavement markings, removing snow ice and
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

litter
Rehabilitation:
Includes restoring or betterment of roadway such as
Types Road Maintenance
resurfacing.
1. Surface maintenance maintenance
2. Roadside and drainage 4. Snow and ice control
maintenance 5. Traffic service
3. Shoulder and approaches
 RAILWAYS
Railways including high speed rail, subways and elevated railway
such as cable car

Railways Failure Causes

INFRASTRUCTURES

 Impact of moving loads  Effect of weather and

TRANSPORTATION

 Effect of acceleration and Temperature

deceleration  Maintenance of rail joints
 Constant reversal of stresses  Axle load of locomotive
 Defects in manufacture  Design of rail joints
 Braking of wheels  Frequency of rail renewal
 Fatigue caused by shearing  Corrosion
stresses  Poor Maintenance
 Type of Railway Failures
1. Crushed Head 2. Transverse and Compound
Fissure
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION
 Type of Railway Failures
INFRASTRUCTURES 3. Split Head 4. Horizontal Fissure
TRANSPORTATION
 Type of Railway Failures
5. Square of Angular Breaks
6. Rail Misalignment
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION
 Railway Maintenance and
Rehabilitation Includes
1. Ballast Checking
2. Lubricating Places such as curves on the side
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

of the head of the rails

3. Tightening of joints and Fittings
4. Use of special alloy rails where wear is more
5. Renewal of Rails
 BRIDGES AND TUNNELS
A bridge is a structure to cross an open space or gap. Bridges are
mostly made for crossing rivers, valleys, or roads. While a tunnel
is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding
soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit,
commonly at each end.
INFRASTRUCTURES

Bridge and Tunnels Failure Causes

TRANSPORTATION

 High variation in ambient  Poor Design and Fabrication

temperature
 Congestion of Vehicles
Uncontrolled heavy axle loads.
 Environmental Hazard ( Flood,
 Inadequate Stability Earthquake, Tsunami etc.)
 Effect of seawater/water  Accidents (Car crash, Boat Crash,
especially to the bridge columns Train Crash etc.)
Inadequate ground Investigation  Inadequate Support method of
 Type of Bridge and Tunnel Failures
1. Steel Materials
 Corrosion of Steel
 Paint Deterioration
 Loose Connections
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION
 Type of Bridge and Tunnel Failures
2. Concrete Material

 Collapse
 Spalling

INFRASTRUCTURES

Wear/Abrasion
TRANSPORTATION

 Material
Deterioration
 Surface Defect
 Delamination
 Water Leak at Deck
 Type of Bridge and Tunnel Failures
3. Expansion Joint

 Abnormal Spacing
INFRASTRUCTURES

 Difference in Level
TRANSPORTATION

 Rupture
 Drainage Blocked

4. Drainpipe
 Bridge and Tunnel Maintenance and
Rehabilitation Includes
 Exposed steel work must be cleaned and repainted
 Cleaning and resealing of Deck joint
 Damage to guard rail, must be repaired and strengthened
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

 Resurfacing of deck
 Scour around and under piers and abutments should be
removed
 Sealing, patching, filling joints and such.
 Checking of steel cables for corrosion.
 Checking of supports
 PORTS
A port is a maritime facility which may comprise one or more
wharves where ships may dock to load and discharge passengers
and cargo. Although usually situated on a sea coast, some ports
can be miles inland, with access to the sea via river or canal.
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

SHIP CANALS
A ship canal is a canal especially intended to
accommodate ships used on the oceans, seas or lakes to
which it is connected, as opposed to a barge canal intended to
carry barges and other vessels specifically designed for river
and/or canal navigation.
 Ports and Ship Canal Failure Causes
 Poor Design and Fabrication
 High variation in ambient temperature
 Effect of seawater to the construction materials
 Severe Corrosion
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

 Congestion of Ships
 Environmental Hazard (Flood, Earthquake, Tsunami etc.)
 Accidents (Boat Crash)
 Poor Maintenance
 Type of Ports and Ship Canal failures
 Material Deterioration  Damage of components
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

 Scouring
 Type of Ports and Ship Canal failures
 Collapsing of wharf / Settlement of
INFRASTRUCTURES  Sedimentation Foundation
TRANSPORTATION
 Ports and Ship Canal Maintenance and
Rehabilitation includes
 Steel repair and painting
 Implementation of coatings for corrosion protection
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

 Epoxy injection into small Cracks on deck and

supported beams
 Removal of plastered concrete and cleaning of surface
 Subject rebars replacement and re-concreting of
damage section
 Placement of anti scouring devices.
 AIRPORT RUNWAYS
A complex of runways and buildings for the take-off, landing, and
maintenance of civil aircraft, with facilities for passengers.

Airport Runways Failure Causes

INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

 Poor Design and  Congestion of Aircrafts

Fabrication  Environmental Hazard (Flood,
 High variation in Earthquake, Tsunami, Bird Strikes
ambient temperature etc.)
 Poor Maintenance  Accidents
 Degradation
 Type of Airport Runways failures
1. Cracking
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

2. Surface Deformation
 Type of Airport Runways failures
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

3. Disintegration 4. Surface Defects

5. Rubber Deposits
 Airport Runways Maintenance and
Rehabilitation Includes
Airport maintenance means any work carried out to keep
airports runways excellent condition, keep their operations
running smoothly and meet the high safety standards
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

1. Maintenance of Visual Aids

 Airport Light maintenance
 Basic maintenance programme for approach, runway and
taxi way lighting systems
 Special types of lights
 Cleaning procedures for lights
 Light measurement
 Lamp replacement
 Airport Runways Maintenance and
Rehabilitation Includes 2. Signs
 Markings
3. Maintenance of Airport Electrical Systems
 Power cables and distributors in field
INFRASTRUCTURES

 Transformers and regulators (including standby units)

TRANSPORTATION

 Transformer stations for electric power supply

 Relay and switch cabinets (including switch cabinets in
sub-stations)
 Control cables, monitoring units, control desk
 Secondary power supplies (generators)
 Fixed 400 Hz ground power supplies
 Apron floodlighting
 Airport Runways Maintenance and
Rehabilitation Includes
4. Maintenance of Pavements
 Surface repair
 Repair of cracks
INFRASTRUCTURES

 Portland cement concrete pavements

TRANSPORTATION

 Bituminous pavements  Edge repair

 Repair of joints and cracks  Corner repair
 Joints in concrete pavements  Repair of other pavement
 Concrete joint maintenance surface deficiencies
 Joints in bituminous pavements
 Repair of pavement edge damage
 Airport Runways Maintenance and
Rehabilitation Includes
5. Sweeping 6. Removal of snow and ice
 Purpose of sweeping  Procedures for snow
 Surface monitoring removal
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

 Surface de-icing
 Cleaning of surfaces
 Surface anti-icing
 Purpose of cleaning pavements
 Removal of rubber deposits
 Fuel and oil removal
 Airport Runways Maintenance and
Rehabilitation Includes
7. Drainage 8. Maintenance of Unpaved Areas
 Cleaning of slot  Maintenance of green areas within
INFRASTRUCTURES

drains strips
TRANSPORTATION

 Drain pipes or  Maintenance of grass on unpaved

culverts between runways and taxiways
 Maintenance of green areas
surfaces and collector
basins outside strips
 Treatment of cut grass
 Oil and fuel
separators
 Water hydrants
 SUMMARY
 Transportation infrastructure plays a vital role in helping our transportation remain
its function, transportation is important because it enables communication, trade
and other forms of exchange between people, that in turn establishes civilizations.

 Though over time some of this infrastructure experience failures due to a lot of
factors.
INFRASTRUCTURES
TRANSPORTATION

 That’s why Maintenance and rehabilitation is being carried out regularly to these
transportation infrastructure at a fixed interval or as and when damage is observed.

 This maintenance might scale to minor inspection, repairs to major rehabilitation and
as such.

 It is important to know that maintenance of transportation infrastructures ensures

safety to users, improves its performance, reduce possible repair cost, extend its
expected life span and provide information for future engineers, designers &
constructors for future designs and builds of Transportation Infrastructures.
Thank you!