fAULT SYSTEM

Countries that belong in Ring of
Fire
Map showing the Ring of Fire and
adjoining plate boundary as well as
some active volcanism. The Pacific
Ring of Fire stretches across 15 more
countries including Indonesia, New
Zealand, Papa New Guinea, Philippines,
Japan, United States, Chile, Canada,
Guatemala, Russia and Peru etc .
The Ring of Fire, also referred to as
the Circum-Pacific Belt, is a path
along the Pacific Ocean
characterized by active volcanoes
and frequent earthquakes. Its
length is approximately 40,000
kilometers (24,900 miles).
fAULT SYSTEM
 There are four types of faulting -- normal,
reverse, strike-slip, and oblique. A normal
fault is one in which the rocks above the
fault plane, or hanging wall, move down
relative to the rocks below the fault plane,
or footwall. A reverse fault is one in which
the hanging wall moves up relative to the
footwall.
NORMAL SYSTEM
 - a dip-slip fault in which the block above the

fault has moved downward relative to the
block below. This type of faulting occurs in
response to extension and is often observed in
the Western United States Basin and Range
Province and along oceanic ridge systems.
REVERSE FAULT SYSTEM
 - a dip-slip fault in which the upper block,

above the fault plane, moves up and over the
lower block. This type of faulting is common in
areas of compression, such as regions where
one plate is being subducted under another as
in Japan.
A strike slip fault
- is caused by a build-up of stress that is
released when two rocks slide past one
another. This stress is known as shearing
stress which is a type of stress that is
parallel to a particular surface, such as the
two blocks of rock in a strike slip fault.
Phivolcs: Prepare for strong
quakes up to magnitude 8.2
By Ma. Cristina Arayata
December 4, 2023, 8:27
pmShare
Phivolcs Director Teresito Bacolcol

(File photo)
MANILA – The public must always

Bohol PROVINCE
The 2013 Bohol earthquake occurred on October 15 at 8:12:31

PST in Bohol, an island province located in Central Visayas,
Philippines.[9] The magnitude of the earthquake was recorded at Mw
7.2, with epicenter 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) S 24° W of Sagbayan, and
its depth of focus was 12 kilometres (7.5 mi).[1][10] It affected the
whole Central Visayas region, particularly Bohol and Cebu. The
earthquake was felt in the whole Visayas area and as far as Masbate
island in the north and Cotabato provinces in southern Mindanao.
According to official reports by the
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
(NDRRMC), 222 were reported dead, 8 were missing, and 976 people
were injured. In all, more than 73,000 structures were damaged, of
which more than 14,500 were destroyed.[7]
earthquake
Phivolcs: Prepare for strong
quakes up to magnitude 8.2
 "The Manila Trench and the Philippine Trench are both capable of
generating magnitude 8.2 earthquake," Phivolcs Director Teresito
Bacolcol told the Philippine News Agency in an interview Sunday night.
 He added that the Philippine Fault Zone in Gabaldon, on the other

hand, is capable of generating a magnitude 7.9 earthquake.
 Last Saturday night, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake shook Surigao del Sur
and parts of Mindanao. The quake's epicenter was traced 29 km.
northeast of Hinatuan.
"It (strongest quake) was generated by the Cotabato
Trench. Around 8,000 people died because of the
tsunami," he said.
Bacolcol reiterated that the public should always be
prepared.
"The country is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, and
every now and then we will be jolted by major
earthquakes. Earthquakes are random events and we
should always be prepared for these geological
hazards," he pointed out.
Meanwhile, Bacolcol said aftershocks from the
magnitude 7.4 earthquake are not expected to cause
a tsunami.
Northern Mindanao has four active faults, namely:
Tagoloan River Fault

Cabanglasan Fault in Balingasag town,
the fault line in Alubijid town, and
Central Mindanao Fault, which is the most active and
longest fault line in the region.
Tagoloan towns are located near the Tagoloan fault while
Opol is at the Iponan fault and the province of Lanao del
Norte, which is near the Alubijid fault.
the municipalities of Lagonglong, Balingasag, and Jasaan will
be affected since they are within the Cabanglasan fault.
The Cabanglasan fault traverses east of Misamis Oriental.
Philippine Fault System
 The Philippine Fault System is a major

inter-related system of geological faults
throughout the whole of the Philippine
Archipelago,[1] primarily caused by
tectonic forces compressing the
Philippines into what geophysicists call
the Philippine Mobile Belt.[2] Some
notable Philippine faults include the
Guinayangan, Masbate and Leyte faults.
Philippine Mobile Belt
 The Philippine Mobile Belt is composed of a large number of accretionary
blocks and terranes. These terranes are long and narrow like the
Zambales ophiolites which is at least 400 km long and 50 km wide. The
strips generally run north–south and the zones of convergence are usually
demarcated by fault lines. The Philippine Mobile Belt is compressed on
the west by the Eurasian Plate and two arms of the Sunda Plate, and on
the east by the Philippine Sea Plate. These tectonic plates have
compressed and lifted parts of the Philippines causing extensive faulting,
primarily on a north–south axis. All faults in the Philippines are inter-
related by the tectonic forces of the Philippine Mobile Belt, or its tectonic
induced volcanism. A more complete understanding can be gained by
viewing the faults in the Philippines as an inter-related Philippine Fault
System.
Seismic Waves
 Seismicwaves are vibrations in the

earth that transmit energy and occur
during seismic activity such as
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
even man-made explosions. There are
two types of seismic waves, primary
waves and secondary waves.
Body Waves
Body waves are of two

types: Primary waves (also called P-
waves, or pressure waves)
and Secondary waves (S-waves, or
shear waves). P-waves are
compression waves. They can
propagate in solid or liquid material.
S-waves are shear waves. They only
Primary waves
 Primary waves, also known as P waves

or pressure waves, are longitudinal
compression waves similar to the motion
of a slinky
Secondary Waves
 Secondary waves cause the rocks they

pass through to change in shape. These
waves are the second fastest
traveling seismic waves (after primary
waves) and can travel through solids but
not through liquids or gases. Also called
shear wave S wave. See Note at
earthquake.
Surface waves
a surface wave is a mechanical wave

that propagates along the interface
between differing media. A common
example is gravity waves along the
surface of liquids, such as ocean waves.
Gravity waves can also occur within
liquids, at the interface between two
fluids with different densities.

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Countries that belong in Ring of

 - a dip-slip fault in which the block above the

 - a dip-slip fault in which the upper block,

Phivolcs Director Teresito Bacolcol

MANILA – The public must always

The 2013 Bohol earthquake occurred on October 15 at 8:12:31

 He added that the Philippine Fault Zone in Gabaldon, on the other

Tagoloan River Fault

 The Philippine Fault System is a major

 Seismicwaves are vibrations in the

Body waves are of two

 Primary waves, also known as P waves

 Secondary waves cause the rocks they

a surface wave is a mechanical wave

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