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Compressible Flow

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29 views16 pages

Compressible Flow

Uploaded by

Adnan Samiul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME-3101 (Fluid Mechanics)

Compressible Flow

Dr. Md. Mostaqur Rahman


Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
DUET, Gazipur
Compressible flow

Compressibility:
measure of the change in density that will produced in the fluid
by a specified change in pressure.
gases – highly compressible whereas most liquids have very low
compressibility.
Changes in pressure due to the changes in velocity in the flow.
pressure changes => induce density changes, will later has
influence on the flow.

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Why density changes are important?

 density changes the temperature.


 The temperature changes in the flow due to the
kinetic energy, associated with the velocity changes.

Influence the The distinctive


features of
flow. compressible flow

Shock wave Choked flow


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Application of compressible flow

High speed aircraft


Gas turbines: the flow in the blades and nozzles is compressible
Steam turbines: the flow in the nozzles and blades is
compressible
Reciprocating engines: the flow of gases through the valves and
in the intake and exhaust system
Combustion chambers: the study of combustion in many cases
requires the knowledge of compressible fluid flow
Natural gas transmission lines: calculating the flow through
pipelines

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Assumptions

Gas is continuous, i.e. the motion of individual molecules does


not have to be considered, the gas treated as continuous medium.
No chemical changes occur in the flow field.
The gas is perfect
Obeys perfect gas law
Specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume i.e. the gas is
calorically perfect.
• The gravitational effect on the flow field is negligible.
• Magnetic and electrical effect negligible.
• The effect of viscosity are negligible.

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Properties at the flow field

Velocity vector, V
Pressure, P
Density, ρ
Temperature, T

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Stagnation Properties
Stagnation (or total) enthalpy
Energy balance (with no heat or
work interaction, no change in
potential energy):

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Stagnation Properties
If the fluid were brought to a complete stop, the energy balance becomes

Stagnation enthalpy: The enthalpy of a fluid when


it is brought to rest adiabatically.

During a stagnation process, the kinetic energy of a fluid is


converted to enthalpy, which results in an increase in the
fluid temperature and pressure.
The properties of a fluid at the stagnation state are called
stagnation properties (stagnation temperature, stagnation
pressure, stagnation density, etc.).
The stagnation state is indicated by the subscript 0.

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Stagnation Properties (continue….)

The stagnation state is called the isentropic stagnation state when the stagnation process
is reversible as well as adiabatic (i.e., isentropic).

The stagnation processes are often approximated to be isentropic, and the isentropic
stagnation properties are simply referred to as stagnation properties.

When the fluid is approximated as an ideal gas with constant specific heats

T0 is called the stagnation (or total)


temperature, and it represents the temperature
an ideal gas attains when it is brought to rest
adiabatically.
The term V2/2cp corresponds to the temperature
rise during such a process and is called the
dynamic temperature.
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Stagnation Properties (continue….)

The pressure a fluid attains when brought to rest isentropically is called the stagnation
pressure P0.

Stagnation density 0

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Speed of sound
Speed of sound (or the sonic speed): The speed at which an
infinitesimally small pressure wave travels through a medium.
To obtain a relation for the speed of sound in a medium, the
systems in the figures are considered.

The mass balance for this single-


stream, steady-flow process can
be expressed as

this equation reduces to


……..(1)
Then the steady-flow energy balance ein = eout becomes
……..(2)
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Speed of sound (continue……)
The amplitude of the ordinary sonic wave is very small and does not cause any
appreciable change in the pressure and temperature of the fluid. Therefore, the
propagation of a sonic wave is not only adiabatic but also very nearly isentropic.
Then the thermodynamic relation

……..(3)

Combining Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) yields the desired expression for the speed of sound as

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Speed of sound (continue…..)
Velocity of sound for isothermal process:

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Speed of sound (continue…..)
Velocity of sound for adiabatic (or isentropic) process :

The speed of sound in a specified ideal gas is a function of temperature


alone

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Mach number
A second important parameter in the analysis of compressible fluid flow is the Mach
number Ma.
It is the ratio of the actual velocity of the fluid (or an object in still fluid) to the speed of
sound in the same fluid at the same state.

The Mach number depends on the speed of


sound, which depends on the state of the fluid.
Therefore, the Mach number of an aircraft
cruising at constant velocity in still air may be
different at different locations.

Ma = 1 Sonic flow
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow
Ma  1 Transonic flow
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