Challenges in Management of Aerospace Corporation with ever changing dynamics of

Aviation Industry in the United States

Bishnujee Singh
Department of Management
LIUTEBM UNIVERSITY

PhD by Research Dissertation Defense

Foreword
Special Thanks and Acknowledgement to
Washington State Government for the
Grant issued for Research program issued
to Cayley Aerospace Inc, Washington, USA.
Thanks to Dr KSS Rakesh Dissertation
Reviewer and Research Supervisor Dr
Priyanka Sharma for guidance and support
during the entire research program,
Content
i. Introduction
ii. Literature Review
iii. Methodology
iv. Data Analysis
v. Synthesis and Model Presentation
vi. Conclusion and Future Direction
i) Introduction
The United States is among the two largest
economies in the world
The American aviation markets have the
characteristics of both domestic and
international markets
Various technological, political, social, and
economic changes in the global market
have resulted in the creation of challenging
situations
Introduction
The United States is the world’s largest
aviation market, and it has remained strong
for a long time.
The civil aviation of the United States is forced
to level their game up to retain dominancy in
the market
This research aims at setting a direction for
addressing the challenges by beginning to
explore the current challenges in the
management of aerospace corporations with
the ever-changing dynamics of the aviation
industry in the United States.
Background

China’s civil aviation can overtake the

development of the US aviation industry
The characteristics of civil aviation across regions
and long-distance express transportation are
increasingly important in all of the competing
global powers as the globalization development
process
In recent years, the growth of major contenders,
China, has been creating threatening economic
conditions for the American industries. However,
the development of international passenger traffic
in the United States is still faster than that in
China.
Statement of Purpose

Various technological, political, social, and

economic changes have resulted in the
creation of challenging situations for the
corporations from this industry.
The purpose of this research is to evaluate
the challenges faced by US airline
corporations due to the changing dynamics
of the US industry.
Significance

US domestic air passenger traffic Domestic

passenger traffic increased from 583.3
million in 2003 to 716 million in 2016 and
exceeded 700 million for the first time
Similarly, international passenger traffic fell
only two years during the economic crisis in
2008 and reached pre-crisis levels in 2011.
The innovative development experience of
the US aviation industry is a fresh sample
and a typical benchmark for global civil
aviation’s to catch up.
Significance
The study and combing of the development
law and growth experience of the US
aviation industry is of great significance for
the learning and reference of Civil Aviation
across the globe
It is worth consideration to determine the
current industry’s challenges to determine
the future inclination of the American
industry
Problem Statement

Changes in the Aviation industry in the past

few decades,
Development law and growth experience of
the US aviation industry,
Evolution of airline competition and format
development
Development of aviation hubs in urban
agglomerations.
Significance for the learning and reference
of Civil Aviation across the globe.
The Research Question

What are the challenges posed to the

management of the aerospace corporation as the
dynamics of the aviation industry in the United
States go through evolving changes?
Sub questions are:
What are the challenges experienced by the
aerospace corporations in terms of management?
How are the changes and developments of the
Aviation industry in the United States contribute
to these challenges?
What is the possible direction that can be
followed to address these challenges?
Theoretical Framework

A search for information was carried out in

different sources such as books, articles,
magazines, and important web pages for
the development of the subject, configuring
a theoretical framework that contains
everything concerning the clusters with
definitions, types, and models.
The aviation industry has had a great
increase in recent years, representing a
very important role in the economy of the
countries that start this type of industry
within their development activities.
Theoretical Framework
An interdisciplinary approach to economic
phenomena tries to use and integrate the
achievements of three disciplines: economics,
organization theory, and law.
In this trend, the agency theory and the theory
of transaction costs arose.
The key theory of decision-making in the
conditions of uncertainty and risk for the
behavioral trend is the perspective theory,
which demonstrated the existence of three
effects(Martínez-Jurado & Moyano-Fuentes,
2018).
Research Relevance

In the past few years, more and more international

carriers flew to the United States, causing American
airlines to withdraw their capacity from some
international markets.
As the world’s largest aviation market, the United
States is still attractive to foreign airlines.
Unfortunately, because of the lack of policy support in
the United States, 111 foreign airlines from 84
countries flew to the United States in 2013, compared
to 18 American airlines fly to 82 countries.
To meet the faced challenges, corporations are
needed to adapt to the changing social, economic,
and technological aspects of the industry for which
this study can serve as a baseline.
Contribution to knowledge

The existing knowledge lacks an explicit

connection between the management
challenges faced by Aerospace Corporation
Knowledge lacks in the overall evolution in
the dynamics of the US industry to prepare
the sector for evolving challenges
This research can narrow this gap in the
existing literature.
ii)Literature Review
The way of transcending civil aviation
Mncube (2014) highlights that a century of
commercial aviation development history has
helped global communication and change the
global social and economic development pattern.
Among them, the United States has always been
the leader of the global aviation industry and has
always been the largest country in the global
aviation industry, whether it is domestic aviation
or international aviation.
China and the United States are the only
domestic and international aviation markets that
can be compared in the world.
The way of transcending civil
aviation
The development of American civil aviation is
the innovative development model bringing
challenges and opportunities of its own kind.
The innovative development experience of the
American aviation industry is a fresh sample
and a typical benchmark for other civil aviation
to catch up(Rhoades, 2016).
The leaping road of the United States’ civil
aviation needs to vigorously do a good job of
domestic air transportation, and at the same
time, it should develop its international aviation
business by leaps and bounds(Button, 2017).
The way of transcending civil
aviation
 American airlines compete in the global market. Today,
free trade supported by the United States has grown to
include airlines in 111 countries with unlimited rights to
fly to any market in the United States.
 Compared with foreign competitors, this disadvantage
affects—serving smaller communities, jobs, employee
benefits, and shareholder value, and has a negative
impact on the broader value chain that the related
travel and tourism industries facilitate (Hannigan,
Hamilton & Mudambi, 2015).
 Various sales and service departments rely on
American airlines to provide their products and services
and meet their consumers face-to-face(National
Research Council, 2014).
The way of transcending civil
aviation
 Despite the unparalleled value provided by the deregulation
to the US economy, the remnants of the regulatory era still
exist, especially in recent years where new regulatory
burdens have been added (Neiva, 2015).
 When disputes arise, regulation is the answer. Remains of
economic regulation include mandatory reporting of
transportation data (O&D data); income and expenditure
data; income tax; maintenance costs; profit and loss data;
operating data, such as on-time rates, baggage handling, and
involuntary denial of boarding, etc.
 In fact, the commercial air travel tax rate is higher than some
products-such as alcoholic beverages and cigarettes.
 The rising federal aviation tax burden puts American airlines
at a competitive disadvantage relative to their rapidly
developing competitors in the Middle East and China
(Wensveen, 2016).
Technological challenges

 The companies that make up the aerospace sector do not stop in

their quest to continue evolving towards more innovative
products and work methodologies. Its technical complexity and
high competitive level mean that the R&D managers of these
companies are required to do the maximum, resulting in
advances that until a few years ago would have seemed science
fiction (Wang & Tao, 2016).
 One of the reasons that the aeronautics sector has recently
become part of public opinion is because of what it can do to
mitigate the effects of climate change.
 To make aviation an environmentally sustainable practice,
aviation industry agents are beginning to look seriously at
alternatives to fossil fuels.
 Today, one of their main challenges is their production on a large
scale and that, despite this, they maintain an attractive price
Use of advanced materials

 The aerospace industry is one of the main engines for the

advancement of materials science and engineering.
 Within this process of innovation in terms of materials and
parts, additive manufacturing and 3D printing also have
much to contribute, which facilitates the creation of parts
of a certain complexity (Najmon, Raeisi & Tovar, 2019).
 Among the advantages of additive manufacturing and 3D
printing, one can highlight various benefits. It allows us to
manufacture pieces of a certain complexity and that
comply with advanced functions.
 Better performance of these parts. It contributes to more
environmentally friendly manufacturing by not using fossil
fuels. Also, it can save costs when it comes to energy
consumption (Kumar & Nair, 2017).
Mandatory innovations in the
aerospace industry
For a few years, the Industry 4.0 concept has
become increasingly apparent in the aerospace
sector.
A comprehensive management tool for product
information is Polaris, whose application makes
industrial environments a more productive,
coordinated, and secure place.
With Polaris, it is much easier to coordinate
teams by intelligently assigning tasks, as well
as raising product quality levels through the
application of Housekeeping principles. (Ibusuki,
Kaminski & Bernardes, 2010)
The challenge of cybersecurity

 The aerospace sector must remain very alert regarding

the theft and manipulation of the sensitive information
that they handle, and that gives them a clear
competitive advantage (Haass, Sampigethaya, &
Capezzuto, 2016).
 Corporations can also go to the Cybersecurity study in
Critical Infrastructures and Industry 4.0, of the
Industrial Cybersecurity Center.
 The companies that make up the aerospace sector are
full of concerns and new innovative projects with which
to go further. There are several motivations that drive
them to continuously improve, from social and
environmental circumstances to purely competitive
issues (Duchamp, Bayram & Korhani, 2016).
The challenge of cybersecurity

 The Climate Change Resolution adopted by the International Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO) in 2013 focused on technical, operational, and
infrastructure measures as the primary means to address aviation
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Gonçalves, 2017).
 As an important step, the resolution promises to commit itself to adopt a
market approach as a solution and opposes the unilateral implementation
of the EU emissions trading plan.
 The United States clearly continues to oppose unilateral measures by the
European Commission. A4A and its member airlines are committed to
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Since 1978, fuel efficiency
improvements have reduced emissions by more than 3.4 billion tons of
carbon dioxide (CO2).
 All members are committed to continuing to implement measures to
improve their fuel efficiency and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, fully
support ICAO’s efforts, and urge Congress and the government to support
ICAO Assembly resolutions and oppose any pursuit of unilateral solutions
(Piera, 2016).
 The risks facing the United States are clear: if domestic policies do not
change, American Airlines will continue to lose market share.
American airlines in the global
market
 American airlines compete in the global market. Today, free trade
supported by the United States has grown to include airlines in
111 countries with unlimited rights to fly to any market in the
United States.
 Compared with foreign competitors, this disadvantage affects—
serving smaller communities, jobs, employee benefits, and
shareholder value, and has a negative impact on the broader
value chain that the related travel and tourism industries
facilitate (Bilotkach, Rupp & Pai, 2017).
 Various sales and service departments rely on American airlines
to provide their products and services and meet their consumers
face-to-face. Policies that are not conducive to the airline
industry, in turn, are detrimental to companies and broader
economic development.
 Through NAP, the United States provides a comprehensive
blueprint to achieve a normalized business environment for airline
operations-treat American airlines
The aerospace sectors

 The aerospace sector is defined by its innovative aspect

and is based on an important technological requirement,
which translates into great adaptability and the ability to
transfer knowledge to other economic sectors, that is,
applications that are easily exportable to other production
fields and great potential for civil uses.
 The aeronautical sector in recent years and is in an
international context marked by great changes in
relationships within the value chain and complete
globalization of the market
 The aeronautical sector is framed within the Aerospace
Sector. A first reality that affects the aeronautical sector as
a whole is the difficulty of categorizing it in order to obtain
quantitative information to extract statistical data (Silva,
Belderrain & Pantoja, 2010).
The aeronautical industry in
Europe
Some elements that characterize the European
aeronautical industry are the following: Positive
and sustained evolution of employment in recent
years, with a compartment above the average
for industrial sectors.
The high concentration of aeronautical activity
and employment in five countries: the United
Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain.
The European aviation industry is fundamentally
dominated by the aircraft manufacturing
segment, especially large commercial aircraft
The aeronautical industry in
America
The aeronautical sector, as has occurred
internationally, has been undergoing a strong
process of business concentration, in recent
years, with many mergers and integrations
between suppliers in the value chain.
This is a sector that is highly dependent on
the policies and decisions of large
manufacturers, especially Airbus.
Specialization, innovation, risk management,
quality, and cost control are the main
challenges that suppliers face.
The aeronautical industry in
America
It is a sector considered highly specialized,
innovative, and high added value.
Billing is evenly distributed between the
civil and military markets.
From an infrastructure point of view, the
industry has the main sector organizations
in the community and specific location
infrastructures (LA WRENCE, 2017).
The aviation industry in the
United States
The United States leads the global sector,
setting trends, and market behavior.
In recent years, there has been a rise in the
commercial sector and a sharp drop in the
defense subsector.
The commercial subsector is getting
stronger, surpassing the most important
metrics such as the order number, aircraft
deliveries, pending deliveries, earnings,
etc.
Classification of the aeronautical
and statistical sector
 A first classification of the sector is that corresponding to the
CNAE, of community application and equivalent to the NACE
classification of Eurostat. According to the CNAE 2009, the
activities of the sector are included within the heading 30.30
(Aerospace and its machinery), as mentioned in the previous
introduction (Schmitt, 2017).
 In general, for the purposes of this work, the aeronautical
industry is considered to be the manufacture of propeller,
turbojet, ramjet, or pulsejet aircraft used for both military and
commercial or merchandise use. This includes engines,
aviation-related intermediate equipment (equipment, avionics,
aerostructures, etc.) and maintenance, repair, and spare parts
 From a statistical point of view, throughout the work, data
obtained from various sources with different levels of
disaggregation are presented, depending on the subject matter
of analysis and the source consulted(Prasad & Wanhill, 2017).
The aeronautical sector: a
strategic sector
 Related to this, governments have traditionally attempted to avoid
production monopolies in the hands of a single country. It is a sector
that generates wealth and high added value, which promotes trade and
international cooperation, with the consequent drag-out effects on other
industrial sectors, through subcontracting activities.
 The sector has a great capacity for generating highly qualified
employment, translated into greater stability and quality of the
employment generated. It is a sector that presents a series of
peculiarities that make it stand out from other industrial sectors and
that condition the situation and evolution of the organization of
production, the location of activities, and the relationship between
administrations and industry.
 The high technological level of the aircraft currently manufactured
implies great investment efforts, which notably influences production
costs. This also explains the great homogeneity between the
technological solutions applied in the different models. Any small
technological variation implies big budgets (Evans & Schäfer, 2013).

Characteristics of sector
 The sector is characterized by long periods to achieve a
balance of results and by small markets. There is no
country of sufficient size to absorb in the internal market
the purchase of aircraft sufficient to achieve the balance in
the manufacturers’ results(Martinez-Jurado & Moyano-
Fuentes, 2014).
 Financing the production process is one of the critical
success points of this industry. This situation becomes
even more important in the case of smaller suppliers, to
which manufacturers’ companies transmit part of the
economic risk.
 The military market follows its own operating rules and is
frequently supported by the government to cover the cost
associated with the development of new products, which
implies lower overall risks for production companies.
Barriers to sector
 The aeronautical sector presents great barriers to entry
as a consequence of the need to make large
investments and to have a high minimum critical mass
guaranteed for sales in order to resume them.
 The development costs of the different projects are
very high. To reduce these management and
development costs, thereby reducing the financial risks
associated with the programs, manufacturers spend
long periods of time selecting the most suitable
suppliers before launching the program.
 The high level of security that prevails in the sector
implies a constant challenge towards innovation, which
forces companies to make a considerable effort to
control all technologies and their interrelationships.
Descriptive elements of the
aeronautical sector
 To understand the environment in which companies in the
aeronautical industry operate, it is necessary to take into
account some important elements that are marking the
decisions of the companies and, consequently, the evolution
of the sector.
 The most important elements that define the current
aeronautical environment are the purchasing and
subcontracting strategies of large manufacturers. The
relationship patterns between the different segments of the
supply chain.
 Cycles in aircraft demand and long aircraft production cycles
affect long-term recruitment of staff to remain competitive.
 This practice caused, especially in the first years of
commissioning, some delays and inefficiencies in the delivery
of aircraft, from which manufacturers have learned by
establishing new conditions in subcontracting.
The purchasing and subcontracting strategies
of large manufacturers
The need for a high degree of security and
compliance with regulatory requirements
specific to the sector, with the impositions by
EASA, AESA / DGAC, and the internal
authorities of each company, decisively
condition the organization of companies in the
sector(Lawrence & Braddon, 2017).
Relationship patterns in the different segments
of the supply chain.
Companies in this segment, originally located
in France and Germany, are relocating to
countries with lower production costs.
Problems in Airport Human Resource
Management and Related Countermeasures
 According to Yılmaz & Flouris (2017), with the continuous
deepening of civil aviation system reform, airport human
resource management is facing new opportunities and
challenges, and at the same time, some problems have been
exposed.
 Among them, the phenomenon of light development is still
widespread; emphasizing the quality development of
employees while neglecting the improvement of management
capabilities of managers at all levels; airport human resource
management is out of touch with corporate development
strategies; there is a large gap between corporate culture
construction and employees' comprehensive work capabilities
Wait.
 Organizations are required to take effective countermeasures
to increase competitiveness and meet severe challenges
(Yılmaz & Flouris, 2017).
Impact of the Pandemic in 2020
 The new COVID-19 epidemic has an unprecedented impact
on world politics, economy, and society.
 The decline in business travel demand directly impacts the
aviation manufacturing industry
 The new COVID-19 epidemic has made Boeing's 737-MAX
grounding and production suspension worse.
 Airbus "emergency brake.“
 Promoting aircraft maintenance demand and cargo demand
 All parties rushed involvement in the aviation manufacturing
industry
 Main manufacturer: reduce production capacity, adjust
delivery sequence, develop alternative supply sources
Future trends in the
aeronautical sector
Recommend following steps to be followed in the aeronautical sector
in the future:
 Globalization: globalization is undoubtedly one of the main factors
of growth for the aeronautical industry. The expansion of markets
like Asia will open up many possibilities for expansion(Martinez-
Jurado & Moyano-Fuentes, 2014)..
 Optimized use of the aircraft propulsion system: engine design
plays a key role in airline fleet planning. In this sense, many lines
have started to use turboprop aircraft again to cover short radius
routes.
 Growth in the use of composite materials: Composite materials are
playing and will continue to play an important role in the future.
 The tendency to protect the environment: the environment is a
priority objective in any industry,
 Increase in the size of aircraft: in order to reduce fuel consumption
and, therefore, the cost of operations, airlines will continue to work
on adjusting the configurations of their fleets to the needs of their
customers.
iii)Methodology
For conducting this research, the qualitative
methodology is adopted.
The adopted methodology's analysis requires a
large amount of sample data
This research intends to conduct a survey among
higher management or experts associated with the
crucial departments of major aviation companies
Using the report of the ACA Team (2020), a
similar study can be be replicated in the US
industry
iv)Data Analysis
Qualitative analysis for analyzing the existing
literature and available information for presenting
the challenges faced by the aviation sector in a
detailed manner.
Data analysis is intended not only to describe the
obtained results but also to evaluate and interpret
them
v)Synthesis and model presentation
vi)Conclusion and Future Direction
Looking forward to the future development of
world aviation, confrontation, and cooperation
coexist.
Major aviation countries have accelerated their
development in the military and aviation field
Facing high risks and high consumption of the
aviation industry, countries around the world are
strengthening international cooperation in the
aviation field in various ways.
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 Thank you for your attention!

I greatly appreciate my dissertation

committee, Faculty members,staff, Research
Supervisor and Dissertation
Reviewer for all their support during this
long academic
journey!

Questions are welcome!