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Intro - Comp Arch

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23 views39 pages

Intro - Comp Arch

Uploaded by

Isan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
INTRO.

• Purpose of this course is to present, as clearly and completely as


possible the internal working, structuring, and implementation
of a modern-day computer system.
• This task is a challenging for two reasons.
• variety of products
• From single-chip microcomputers costing a few dollars to supercomputers
costing tens of millions of dollars
• rapid pace of change that has always characterized computer technology

• certain fundamental concepts that apply consistently


throughout …
ARCHITECTURE & ORGANIZATION
• Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system that have a direct impact on the
logical execution of a program. (things the system can do/visible for its user (the programmer))
• Examples:
• the instruction set
• the number of bits used to represent various data types
• I/O mechanisms
• memory addressing techniques

• Computer Organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize
the architectural specifications.
• Examples are things that are hidden from the programmer:
• control signals
• interfaces between computer and peripherals
• the memory technology being used

• e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated
addition?
ARCHITECTURE & ORGANIZATION
• Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer
models, all with the same architecture but with differences in
organization.
• different models in the family have different price and performance
characteristics.

• Furthermore, a particular architecture may span many years


and encompass several different computer models, its
organization changing with changing technology.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

• A computer is a complex system; contemporary computers


contain millions of elementary electronic components.
• It’s easier to describe it from the top down.
• We begin with the major components of a computer,
describing their structure and function, and proceed to
successively lower layers of the hierarchy.
• Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual components as part of the
structure
FUNCTION

• All computer functions are:


• Data processing : able to process data which may take a wide variety of forms and the
range of processing.
• Data storage : store data either temporarily or permanently
• Data movement : move data between itself and the outside world
• Control: there’s a control of the above three functions.
FUNCTIONAL VIEW
OPERATIONS (A)
DATA
MOVEMENT
OPERATIONS
(B) STORAGE
OPERATION (C)
PROCESSING FROM/TO
STORAGE
OPERATION (D) PROCESSING FROM STORAGE TO
I/O
STRUCTURE - TOP LEVEL

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
STRUCTURE - THE CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
STRUCTURE - THE CONTROL
UNIT

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory
?
CHAPTER 2
COMPUTER EVOLUTION
THE FIRST GENERATION – 1946 -
1957

• Vacuum Tubes
ENIAC - BACKGROUND

• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer


• Eckert and Mauchly
• University of Pennsylvania
• Trajectory tables for weapons
• Started 1943
• Finished 1946
• Too late for war effort

• Used until 1955


• to help determine the feasibility of the hydrogen bomb
ENIAC - DETAILS

• Decimal (not binary)


• 20 accumulators of 10 digits
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 30 tons
• 15,000 square feet
• 140 kW power consumption
• 5,000 additions per second
• Programmed manually by switches
• It took days to rewire the machine for each new problem.
VON NEUMANN/TURING

• Stored Program concept


• Main memory storing programs and data
• ALU operating on binary data
• Control unit interpreting instructions from memory
and executing
• Input and output equipment operated by control unit
• Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
• IAS

• Completed 1952
STRUCTUR
E OF VON
NEUMANN
MACHINE
• 1000 storage locations called Words
• Word length - 40 bit words
• Binary number
• Set of registers (storage in CPU)
• Memory Buffer Register:
• contain the word to be stored in
memory or just received from memory
• Memory Address Register
• Specifies the address in memory of the
word to be stored or retrieved
IAS - • Instruction Register
DETAILS • Contains the 8 bit opcode currently being
executed
• Instruction Buffer Register
• Temporary store for RHS instruction
from word in memory
• Program Counter
• Stores the address of the next
instruction to fetch from memory
• Accumulator/ Multiplier Quotient
STRUCTUR
E OF IAS –
DETAIL
COMMERCIAL COMPUTERS

• 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation


• UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
• US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations

• Late 1950s - UNIVAC II


• Faster
• More memory
IBM

• Punched-card
processing equipment
• 1953 - the 701
• IBM’s first stored
program computer
• Scientific calculations

• 1955 - the 702


• Business applications

• Lead to 700/7000
series
FIRST GEN. COMPUTERS

• The computers were very large in size.


• They consumed a large amount of energy.
• They heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes.
• They were not very reliable.
• Air conditioning was required.
• Constant maintenance was required.
• Non-portable.
• Costly commercial production.
• Limited commercial use.
• Very slow speed - milliseconds.
• Limited programming capabilities.
• Used machine language only.
• Used magnetic drums which provide very less data storage.
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
1958-1964
TRANSISTORS

• Replaced vacuum tubes


• Smaller
• Cheaper
• Less heat dissipation
• Solid State device
• Made from Silicon (Sand)
• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
• William Shockley et al.
TRANSISTOR BASED
COMPUTERS
• Second generation machines
• NCR & RCA produced small
transistor machines
• IBM 7000
• DEC - 1957
• Produced PDP-1
• Advantages
» Smaller in size compared to the
first generation of computer.
» The second generations
computers were more reliable.
» Used less energy and were not
heated as much as the first one.
SECOND » Better speed and could calculate
GENERATIO data in microseconds.
N » Used faster peripherals.
» Better portability as compared to
the first generation.
» Accuracy improved.
» Used assembly language as well.
Disadvantages
• Discrete components
SECOND • Manufacturing 10,000 transistors
GENERATION separately – difficult ->3rd Gen.
• Commercial production was
difficult
• Costly and not versatile
• Cooling system was required.
• Only used for specific purposes
• Constant maintenance was required
• Punched cards were used for input.
THE THIRD
GENERATION
:
INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS –
1965-
MICROELECTRONICS

• Literally - “small electronics”


• The invention of the integrated circuit
• Many transistors can be produced at
the same time on a single wafer of
silicon
• e.g. silicon wafer
• Generation of computer got blurred
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

• Vacuum tube - 1946-1957


• Transistor - 1958-1964
• Small scale integration - 1965 on
• Up to 100 devices on a chip

• Medium scale integration - to 1971


• 100-3,000 devices on a chip

• Large scale integration - 1971-1977


• 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip

• Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991


• 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip

• Ultra large scale integration – 1991 -


• Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
MOORE’S LAW

• Gordon Moore – co-founder of Intel


• Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
• Since 1970’s development has slowed a little
• Number of transistors doubles every 18 months

• Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged


• Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving
higher performance
• Smaller size gives increased flexibility
• Reduced power and cooling requirements
• Fewer interconnections increases reliability
?
ASSIGNMENT

• The HP 2116A
• Model K” Adder • CSIRAC
• Amdahl 470
• HP 200A Audio Oscillator • ERA 1101
• The Standards Eastern
• The Complex Number • The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC)
Calculator (CNC) Automatic Computer • UNIVAC
• The Z3 by Korad Zuse (SEAC) • The Institute of Advanced Study
• UNIVAC (IAS) computer
• The first Bombe by Allan
Turing • The LEO 1
• The Institute of Advanced
• Intel 4004
• The Atanasoff-Berry Study (IAS) computer
Computer (ABC) • RCA 501
• The LEO 1
• CRAY -1
• Bell Labs Relay Interpolator
• IBM 650, 701
• Apple - 1
• The First Colossus
• RCA 501 • TRS-80
• Harvard Mark 1
• DEC PDP-a • C64 – Commodor 64
• The EDVAC
• IBM 7030 • IBM PC
• The ENIAC
• CDC 6600

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