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Robotics

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26 views31 pages

Robotics

Uploaded by

sdipakk0525
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Robotics

Chapter 1
Law of Robots
Law of Robots
• Robotics involves designing machines that can
“sense, think and act” by themselves. It is a
continuous cycle where you sense the
world, think about it, and act – and your
action will change the world, so
you sense again, think and act.
Chapter 2

1. Resistor
Resistors are considered to be the most used and the most
important component of all the electronic circuits.

Working
It is used to drop the voltage.
The working of a resistor can be explained with the similarity of
water flowing through a pipe. Consider a pipe through which
water is allowed to flow. If the diameter of the pipe is reduced,
the water flow will be reduced.

Unit of resistance
The SI-unit of resistance is Ohm [Ω]. The higher multiple and
sub-multiple values of ohm is kilo ohms [KΩ], mega ohms [MΩ]
and so on.
Circuit Symbol And Image of Resistor
Colour code table
Colour code
The value of the resistance is found out by colour coding. The resistors have
a band of colours shown in their outer covering. Here are the steps to
determine the value of the resistor.
1. All resistors have three bands of colours, followed by a space and then a
fourth band of colour. The fourth band of colour will be brown, red, gold or
silver.
2. To read the colours turn it to the position such as the three consecutive
colours come on the left and then the space and the rest of the colours.
3. The first two colours from the left indicate the first two digits of the value.
The third colour represents the digital multiplier. That is, it indicates how
much you have to multiply the first two numbers with. Thus if you have a
resistance with the first three colours being brown, black and red, the value
of resistance is 10*100 = 1000 ohms or 1K.
4. The last band, after the space indicates the tolerance of the resistor. This
indicates the range of accuracy of the resistor. Thus, along with the three
colours above, if the fourth colour is gold, it means you have a tolerance
between +/-5%. Thus the actual value of the resistance can be between 950
Ohms and 1K.
2. Led
• LED (Light Emitting Diode) is basically a small light
emitting device that comes under “active”
semiconductor electronic components.
• It’s quite comparable to the normal general purpose
diode, with the only big difference being its capability to
emit light in different colors.
• The two terminals (anode and cathode) of a LED when
connected to a voltage source in the correct polarity,
may produce lights of different colors, as per the
semiconductor substance used inside it.
Circuit Symbol And Image Of Led
Chapter 3

sources of electrical power for robots


1. Current
Types of Current
There are two different types of current.
1. AC - Alternating Current
2. DC - Direct Current

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically


reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows
only in one direction.
Wave form of AC and DC
AC - Alternating Current DC - Direct Current
Chapter 4

Arduino UNO
What Is The ARDUINO ?
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on
the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller .
The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O)
pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other
circuits.

What is the Arduino Uno used for?


Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing something online.

Features of Arduino Uno Board


• The operating voltage is 5V.
• The recommended input voltage will range from 7v to 12V.
• The input voltage ranges from 6v to 20V.
• Digital input/output pins are 14.
• Analog i/p pins are 6.
• DC Current for each input/output pin is 40 mA.
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA.
• Flash Memory is 32 KB.
PINOUT Diagram of arduino
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P . It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header and a reset button.

Input/Output Pins: Digital Pins 0 - 13


Analog Pins: A0 – A5
Power: Vin(12v), 3.3V, 5V, GND
PWM(Pulse Width Modulation): 3, 5, 6, 9, 11
Chapter 5
Programming
( Embedded C)
1. Led Blinking

void setup()
{
pinMode (13, OUTPUT); // assign the output pin
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(13,HIGH); // HIGH = Led On
delay(2000);// for 2 sec. delay
digitalWrite(13,LOW); // LOW = Led Off
delay(2000);
}
2. Led on off using switch case
void setup()
{
pinMode (4, OUTPUT); // assign the output pin
pinMode (7, INPUT); // assign the input pin
}
void loop()
int s=digitalRead(7);
{
If ((s==HIGH))
{
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
}
Else If ((s==LOW))
{
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
}
}
Chapter 6
IR sensor
(infrared sensor)
WORKING :-
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense
certain characteristics of its surroundings.
It does this by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation.
Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an
object and detecting motion.
IR Transmitter – IR LED
IR Receiver – PD (PHOTO DIODE)
Chapter 7
Transistor

A transistor, also known as a BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor), is a current driven


semiconductor device which can be used to control the flow of electric current in
which a small amount of current in the Base lead controls a larger current between
the Collector and Emitter.
Chapter 8
Water Level Indicator
Chapter 9
DC Motor
Input 1 input2 Output
HIGH LOW C/w
LOW HIGH ACW
HIGH HIGH Not use
LOW LOW stop

void setup()
{
pinMode (4, OUTPUT); // input 1
pinMode (5, OUTPUT); // input 2
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
delay(2000);// for 2 sec. delay
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
delay(2000);
}
L293D Motor Driving IC
Obstacle Avoider Robot
void setup() {
pinMode(7,INPUT); // for sensor
//Right motor audrino to motor Drive
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(4,OUTPUT); //Right motor audrino to motor Drive

pinMode(5,OUTPUT);
pinMode(6,OUTPUT); //left Motor Arduino motor Drive
}
void loop(){
int l1=digitalRead(7); //left sensor input
if((l1==LOW))
{
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
}
else if((l1==HIGH))
{

digitalWrite(3,LOW);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
delay(2000);
}
}

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