Subject Name :-Cloud Computing

Subject Code :- KCS 713

Unit No. :- 1
Lecture No. :- 4
 Contents
 Cloud Infrastructure
 Cloud Computing at Amazon
 Amazon Web Services (AWS)
 Cloud computing: the Google perspective
 Important Questions
 References
 Cloud Infrastructure
 The major cloud computing infrastructure are Amazon, Google and Microsoft. These cloud service
providers support one or more of the three cloud computing delivery models : Infrastructure-as-a-
Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).

 Amazon is a pioneer in IaaS, Google’s efforts are focused on SaaS and PaaS delivery models, and
Microsoft is involved in PaaS.

 Private clouds are an alternative to public clouds. Open-source cloud computing platforms such as
Eucalyptus, OpenNebula, Nimbus, and OpenStack can be used as a control infrastructure for a
private cloud.

 Several other IT companies are also involved in cloud computing. IBM offers a cloud computing platform,
IBMSmartCloud, which includes servers, storage, and virtualization components for building private and
hybrid cloud computing environments.
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 Cloud Infrastructure (cont..)

 In 2011 HP announced plans to enter the cloud computing club.

 Oracle announced its entry to enterprise computing in the early 2012. The Oracle Cloud is based on Java,
SQL standards, and software systems such as Exadata, Exalogic, WebLogic, and Oracle Database.

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 Cloud computing at Amazon

 Amazon introduced a computing platform that has changed the face of computing in the last decade. First, it
installed a powerful computing infrastructure to sustain its core business, e-commerce, selling a variety of goods
ranging from books and CDs to gourmet foods and home appliances. Then Amazon discovered that this
infrastructure could be further extended to provide affordable and easy-to-use resources for enterprise computing
as well as computing for the masses.

 In mid-2000 Amazon introduced Amazon Web Services (AWS), based on the IaaS delivery model. In this model
the cloud service provider offers an infrastructure consisting of compute and storage servers interconnected by
high-speed networks that support a set of services to access these resources. An application developer is
responsible for installing applications on a platform of his or her choice and managing the resources provided
by Amazon.
 Cloud computing at Amazon (cont..)

 It is reported that in 2012, businesses in 200 countries used the AWS, demonstrating the international appeal of
this computing paradigm. A significant number of large corporations as well as start-ups take advantage of
computing services supported by the AWS infrastructure.

Amazon Web Services

 Amazon was the first provider of cloud computing; it announced a limited public beta release of its Elastic
Computing platform called EC2 in August 2006. Figure 1 shows the palette of AWS services accessible via the
Management Console in late 2011

o Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is a Web service with a simple interface for launching instances of an application
under several operating systems, such as several Linux distributions, Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and 2008,
OpenSolaris, FreeBSD, and NetBSD.
Amazon Web Services (cont..)

Fig 1: Services offered by AWS are

accessible from the AWS Management
Console. Applications running under a
variety of operating systems can be
launched using EC2.
Multiple EC2 instances can
communicate using SQS. Several
storage services are available: S3,

Simple DB, and EBS. The Cloud Watch

supports performance monitoring; the
Auto Scaling supports elastic resource
management. The Virtual Private Cloud
allows direct migration of parallel
applications.

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Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) (cont..)

o An instance is created either from a predefined Amazon Machine Image (AMI) digitally signed and
stored in S3 or from a user-defined image. The image includes the operating system, the run-time
environment, the libraries, and the application desired by the user. AMI images create an exact copy of the
original image but without configuration-dependent information such as the hostname or the MAC
address.

o A user can:
(i) Launch an instance from an existing AMI and terminate an instance;
(ii) start and stop an instance;
(iii) create a new image;
(iv) add tags to identify an image; and
(v) reboot an instance.

o EC2 is based on the Xen virtualization strategy. In EC2 each virtual machine or instance functions as a
virtual private server. RCS 075/Unit-1
Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) (cont..)

o EC2 allows the import of virtual machine images from the user environment to an instance through a
facility called VM import. It also automatically distributes the incoming application traffic among
multiple instances using the elastic load- balancing facility.

o EC2 associates an elastic IP address with an account; this mechanism allows a user to mask the failure
of an instance and remap a public IP address to any instance of the account without the need to interact
with the software support team.

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 Amazon Web Services (cont..)

 Simple Storage System (S3) is a storage service designed to store large objects. It supports a minimal set of
functions: write, read, and delete.
 S3 allows an application to handle an unlimited number of objects ranging in size from one byte to five
terabytes. An object is stored in a bucket and retrieved via a unique developer-assigned key.
 S3 supports PUT, GET, and DELETE primitives to manipulate objects but does not support primitives to copy,
rename, or move an object from one bucket to another.
 S3 computes the MD (Message-Digest Algorithm) of every object written and returns it in a field called ETag.
A user is expected to compute the MD5 of an object stored or written and compare this with the ETag; if the
two values do not match, then the object was corrupted during transmission or storage.
 The Amazon S3 SLA guarantees reliability. S3 uses standards-based REST (Representational State Transfer) and
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) interfaces; the default download protocol is HTTP, but BitTorrent
protocol interface is also provided to lower costs for high-scale distribution.

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 Amazon Web Services (cont..)

 Elastic Block Store (EBS) provides persistent block-level storage volumes for use with Amazon EC2
instances. A volume appears to an application as a raw, unformatted, and reliable physical disk; the
size of the storage volumes ranges from one gigabyte to one terabyte. The volumes are grouped
together in availability zones and are automatically replicated in each zone.

 Simple DB is a non-relational data store that allows developers to store and query data items via
Web services requests. It supports store-and-query functions traditionally provided only by
relational databases.
 Simple DB creates multiple geographically distributed copies of each data item and supports
high-performance Web applications; at the same time, it automatically manages infrastructure
provisioning, hardware and software maintenance, replication and indexing of data items, and
performance tuning.

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 Amazon Web Services (cont..)
 Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a hosted message queue. SQS is a system for
 supporting automated workflows; it allows multiple Amazon EC2 instances to
 coordinate their activities by sending and receiving SQS messages. Any computer connected to the Internet
can add or read messages without any installed software or special firewall configurations.

 Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) provides a bridge between the existing IT infrastructure of an organization and the
AWS cloud. The existing infrastructure is connected via a virtual private network (VPN) to a set of isolated AWS
compute resources. VPC allows existing management capabilities such as security services, firewalls, and
intrusion detection systems to operate seamlessly within the cloud.

 Auto Scaling exploits cloud elasticity and provides automatic scaling of EC2 instances. The service supports
grouping of instances, monitoring of the instances in a group, and defining triggers and pairs of CloudWatch
alarms and policies, which allow the size of the group to be scaled up or down. Typically, a maximum, a
minimum, and a regular size for the group are specified.

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 Amazon Web Services (cont..)

 Several new AWS services were introduced in 2012; Among the new services we note:
 Route 53, a low-latency DNS service used to manage user’s DNS public records;
 Elastic MapReduce (EMR), a service supporting processing of large amounts of data using a hosted Hadoop
running on EC2 and based on the MapReduce paradigm;
 Simple Workflow Service (SWF), which supports workflow management and allows scheduling,
management of dependencies, and coordination of multiple EC2 instances;
 ElastiCache, a service enabling Web applications to retrieve data from a managed in- memory caching
system rather than a much slower disk-based database;
 DynamoDB, a scalable and low-latency fully managed NoSQL database service;
 CloudFront, a Web service for content delivery; and Elastic Load Balancer, a cloud service to automatically
distribute the incoming requests across multiple instances of the application.

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  Amazon Web Services (cont..)
 Two new services, the Elastic Beanstalk and the CloudFormation,
 Elastic Beanstalk
 Elastic Beanstalk, a service that interacts with other AWS services, including EC2, S3, SNS, Elastic Load
Balance, and Auto Scaling, automatically handles the deployment, capacity provisioning, load balancing, Auto
Scaling, and application monitoring functions.
 The service automatically scales the resources as required by the application, either up, or down based on default
Auto Scaling settings.
 Some of the management functions provided by the service are:
 deployment of a new application version (or rollback to a previous version);
 access to the results reported by CloudWatch monitoring service;
 email notifications when application status changes or application servers are added or removed; and
 access to server login files without needing to login to the application servers.
 The Elastic Beanstalk service is available to developers using a Java platform, the PHP server-side description
language, or .NET framework.

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 Amazon Web Services (cont..)
 An availability zone is a data center consisting of a large number of servers. A server
may run multiple virtual machines or instances, started by one or more users; an instance may use storage
services, S3, EBS), and Simple DB, as well as other services provided by AWS (see Figure 2).

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Fig 2: The configuration of an availability zone supporting AWS service.
 Amazon Web Services (cont..)

 Storage is automatically replicated within a region; S3 buckets are replicated within an availability zone and
between the availability zones of a region, whereas EBS volumes are replicated only within the same availability
zone.

 A user can request virtual servers and storage located in one of the regions. The user can also request virtual
servers in one of the availability zones of that region. The Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service allows a user to
interact and to manage the virtual servers.

 The billing rates in each region are determined by the components of the operating costs, including energy,
communication, and maintenance costs. Thus, the choice of the region is motivated by the desire to minimize
costs, reduce communication latency, and increase reliability and security.

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 Amazon Web Services (cont..)

 When launched, an instance is provided with a DNS name. This name maps to a private IP address for
internal communication within the internal EC2 communication network and a public IP address for
communication outside the internal Amazon network, (e.g., for communication with the user that launched
the instance).Network Address Translation (NAT) maps external IP addresses to internal ones.

 The public IP address is assigned for the lifetime of an instance and it is returned to the pool of available
public IP addresses when the instance is either stopped or terminated. An instance can request an elastic IP
address, rather than a public IP address.

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 Amazon Web Services (cont..)

The Charges for Amazon Web Services.

 Amazon charges a fee for EC2 instances, EBS storage, data transfer, and several other services. The charges differ
from one region to another and depend on the pricing model; see http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing for the current
pricing structure.

 There are three pricing models for EC2 instances: on-demand, reserved, and spot.
• On-demand instances use a flat hourly rate, and the user is charged for the time an instance is running; no
reservation is required for this most popular model.
• For reserved instances a user pays a one-time fee to lock in a typically lower hourly rate. This model is
advantageous when a user anticipates that the application will require a substantial number of CPU cycles and
this amount is known in advance. Additional capacity is available at the larger standard rate.
• In case of spot instances, users bid on unused capacity and their instances are launched when the market price
reaches a threshold specified by the user.

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 Amazon Web Services (cont..)

 A main attraction of Amazon cloud computing is the low cost. The dollar amounts charged for one hour of running
Amazon’s services under Linux or Unix and Microsoft Windows in mid-2012 are summarized in Table 3.

 There are no charges for data transfers from the user’s site to the Amazon network or within the Amazon network;
the charges for data transfer from the AWS network to the outside world depend on the region. For example, the
charges for the US West (Oregon) region are shown in Table 4.

An Evaluation of Amazon Web Services.

 In 2007 Garfinkel reported the results of an early evaluation of Amazon Web Services. The paper reports that EC2
instances are fast, responsive, and very reliable; a new instance could be started in less than two minutes.
 During the year of testing, one unscheduled reboot and one instance freeze were experienced. No data was lost
during the reboot, but no data could be recovered from the virtual disks of the frozen instance.

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 Cloud computing: the Google perspective

 Google’s effort is concentrated in the area of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). Services such as Gmail, Google
Drive, Google Calendar, Picasa, and Google Groups are free of charge for individual users and available for a
fee for organizations. These services are running on a cloud and can be invoked from a broad spectrum of devices,
including mobile ones such as iPhones, iPads, Black-Berrys, and laptops and tablets. The data for these services
is stored in data centers on the cloud.

 The Gmail service hosts emails on Google servers and, provides aWeb interface to access them and tools for
migrating from Lotus Notes and Microsoft Exchange.

 Google Docs is Web-based software for building text documents, spreadsheets, and presentations.

 Google Calendar is a browser-based scheduler; it supports multiple calendars for a user, the ability to share a
calendar with other users, the display of daily/ weekly/ monthly views, and the ability to search events and
synchronize with the Outlook Calendar.

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 Cloud computing: the Google perspective (cont..)

 Picasa is a tool to upload, share, and edit images; it provides 1 GB of disk space per user free of charge. Users can
add tags to images and attach locations to photos using Google Maps.
 Google is also a leader in the Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) space. AppEngine is a developer platform hosted on
the cloud. Initially it supported only Python, but support for Java was added later and detailed documentation for
Java is available. The database for code development can be accessed with Google Query Language (GQL) with a
SQL- like syntax.

 Search engine crawlers rely on hyperlinks to discover new content. The deep Web is content stored in databases
and served as pages created dynamically by querying HTML forms.

 Examples of deep Web sources are sites with geographic-specific information, suchas local stores, services,
and businesses; sites that report statistics and analysis produced by governmental and nongovernmental
organizations; art collections; photo galleries; bus, train, and airline schedules; and so on.

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 Cloud computing: the Google perspective (cont..)

 Structured content is created by labelling; Flickr and Google Co-op are examples of structures where labels and

annotations are added to objects, images, and pages stored on the Web.

 Google Co-op allows users to create customized search engines based on a set of facets or categories.

 Google Base is a service allowing users to load structured data from different sources to a central repository that is

a very large, self-describing, semi-structured, heterogeneous database. It is self describing because each item

follows a simple schema: (item type, attribute names).

 Google Drive is an online service for data storage that has been available since April 2012. It gives users 5 GB of

free storage and charges $4 per month for 20 GB.

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 Important Questions

1.What is the innovative characteristic of cloud computing?

2.Which are the technologies on which cloud computing relies?
3.Explain Amazon Web Services.
4. Briefly summarize the challenges still open in cloud computing.
5. How is cloud development different from traditional software development?
 References
 Dan C Marinescu: “ Cloud Computing Theory and Practice.” Elsevier(MK) 2013.
 RajkumarBuyya, James Broberg, Andrzej Goscinski: “Cloud Computing Principles
and Paradigms”, Willey 2014.
 Kai Hwang, Geoffrey C Fox and Jack J Dongarra, “Distributed and cloud computing”, Elsevier(MK)
2012.
 John W Ritting house, James F Ransome: “Cloud Computing Implementation, Management and
Security”, CRC Press 2013.