Human Reproduction

and its Indicators

Based on Vital
Statistics
♀ ♂
Michael Jeriel Bersaldo
• Both sexes have
reproductive organs called
GENITALS or GENITALIA
designed for the purpose of
intercourse and conception.
 Female Reproductive System

Female reproductive organs are for

intercourse, reproduction, urination
pregnancy and childbirth.
Internal Female Anatomy
Front View
 Ovary (Ovaries)
• Two solid egg-shaped structures
• They are attached to the uterus by ligaments.
They are the counterpart of the male testicles.
• Ovaries have two main functions:

#1-store and release the ova or female egg cell. Some of

the ova disappear; others are dormant until each is
ripened and released after puberty.

#2-produce female sex hormones ESTROGEN and

PROGESTERONE
 Ova
• The female reproductive cell.

• They are the largest cells in

the female body. (about the size of
a grain of sand.)
• The female baby is born with
all the ova she will ever have
(about 200,000 in each ovary).
• About 400-500 ova mature
and are released over a
lifetime
 Estrogen
• Estrogen is responsible for the secondary
sex characteristics and the sex drive in
females. It spurs the onset of puberty and
is responsible for OVULATION.
 Progesterone
• Progesterone builds up the lining of the
uterus called the endometrium in
preparation for the fertilized ovum
 Ovulation
• When the egg is released from the ovary.
• At the age of puberty
• The ovum moves to the surface of the ovary in
bursts out
• The ova falls into the fallopian tube and waits for
fertilization
• This happens every 28 days
• It happens at about the 14th day of the cycle
 FALLOPIAN TUBES
(oviducts)
• Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus.

• They are about four inches long and 3/16 inch in

diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti noodle).

• The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus and

sperm cells toward the egg cell.

• Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the

oviduct.
 Uterus
• A hollow, muscular organ (shaped somewhat like an upside-
down pear, about the size of a fist).

• The uterus is lined with endometrium (a blood lining.)

• The uterus has one main function—to protect
and nourish a fetus
• The walls of the uterus have the ability to
stretch to the size of a small watermelon.
• After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the
original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up
to nine months for the uterus to fully recover.
 Cervix
• The neck or opening of the uterus.
• A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle
in the body.
• It dips down about half an inch into the vagina.
• It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly
closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens for
the delivery of the baby.
• How big does it need to dilate to for birth?
 Vagina
• Female organ used for intercourse, it is an
empty passageway leading from the
vaginal opening to the uterus.
• It is only 3-4 inches long, but will lengthen
during arousal.
• The vaginal walls are made of many small
folds of membrane that stretch greatly to
accommodate a baby during birth.
• The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid that
helps to make intercourse easier.
 Urethra
• The opening to the bladder
 Clitoris

• A small, pea shaped bump at the front of

the labia.
• It contains a small amount of erectile
tissue.
• The clitoris increases sexual pleasure
 Woman’s Cycle
• Day 1 – Menstruation begins (bleeding)
• Day 5 – Menstruation is usually ended
• Day 14 – Ovum has matured and bursts out of
the ovary
• Day 15 – After 24 hours the egg is done
• Day 26 – In the absence of fertilization,
estrogen/progesterone levels drop

and the endometrium lining breads

down
 TIME LINE:
• Ages 9-12
– Secondary sex characteristics appear
• Ages 11-14
– Menstrual cycle begins
• Late 20-30's
– Peak sexual urges
• Ages 45-55
– Menopause (cycle stops, but sex urge continues)
Male Reproductive System

Male reproductive organs are for

intercourse, reproduction and urination
Male Anatomy
 Scrotum
• A sac-like pouch located behind the penis
that holds each testes and helps regulate
temperature for sperm production.
 Testicles or Testes
• The two testes are small organs that lie in the scrotum
and produce sperm and the male hormone
testosterone.
• The testicles are the male sex gland.
• The testicles are outside the body because the male
sperm that is manufactured in the testes need cooler-
than-body temperature for normal growth and
development.
• They are the counterpart to the female ovary.
• Loss of one does not impair the function of the other.
• Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each
month.
 Testoterone
• the male reproductive hormone made by
the testicles which causes the changes of
puberty.
• This hormone causes secondary sex
characteristics, production of sperm and
sexual urge.
• It is produced in the testicles and enters
the bloodstream at a fairly constant rate.
 Sperm
• The microscopic cells produced by the
male's testicles which can fertilize the
female's ovum.
• They are tiny, living cells 100 times
smaller than a pencil dot. (the smallest
cell in a mans body
• Enough sperm would fit on the head of a
pin to re-populate the earth if each sperm
fertilized an egg.
• It is destroyed by warm body
temperature, acidic environment.
• It can survive in a women’s body for 5-8
days.
• Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in
the urine.
 Epididymis
• the structure that forms a mass over the
back and upper part of each testes.
• Sperm are stored there for as long as six
weeks while they ripen to maturity.
 Cowpers Gland
• two small pea-sized glands located
beneath the prostate gland on both sides
of the base of the penis.
• They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps
to neutralize the acidity of the urethra.
 Vas Deferens
• two long, thin tubes that serve as a
passageway for sperm and a place for
sperm storage.
• The contraction of the vas deferens along
with the action of the cilia help transport
the sperm through the vas deferens.
 Seminal Vesicles
• two small glands that secrete a fluid that
nourishes and enables the sperm to move.
 Prostate Gland
• surround the urethra beneath the bladder.
The gland secretes an alkaline fluid that
neutralizes the acid found in the male
urethra and the female reproductive tract.
• Without the action of the secretions of the
prostate gland, many sperm would die and
fertilization of an ovum would be
impossible.
 Urethra
• A dual purpose tube that both semen and urine
pass through to leave the body. Semen and
urine never mix.
• Special muscles or sphincters surround the
urethra.
• During urination, one sphincter will relax so that
the pressure from the bladder will push urine out
from the body.
• During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax
so that semen can flow through the urethra to
the outside of the body.
 Penis
• The male organ for sexual intercourse,
reproduction, and urination.
• The reproductive purpose of the penis is to
deposit semen in the vagina during sexual
intercourse.
• The head of the penis or glans contains many
nerve endings. At birth the glans is covered by
a loosely fitting skin called the foreskin.
• When the penis is erect it is 5-7 inches long An
erection occurs when the sponge-like chambers
in the penis fill with blood.
 SEMEN:
• a combination of fluid that is produced in
the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and
Cowper's gland. This fluid nourishes and
helps sperm move through the urethra.
 EJACULATION
• the passage of sperm from the penis, a
result of a series of muscular contractions.
 TIME LINE:
• Infancy
– Erections begin
• Ages 11-14
– Secondary sex characteristics appear
• Ages 13-16
– Sperm produced in adult amounts (puberty)
• Late teens
– Peak sexual urges for boys
• Throughout life
– If good health is present, there is the sex urge and ability to father
children
Indicators of Reproduction
Based on Vital Statistics
 Reproductivity
• Reproductivity is usually studied in terms
of mothers and daughters because of the
following reasons:
– The fecund period for females is shorter than
it is for males
– Characteristics such as age are much more
likely to be known for the mothers of
illegitimate babies than for their fathers
Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
• Gross Reproduction Rate—Number of
daughters expected to be born alive to a
hypothetical cohort of women (usually
1,000) if no one dies during childbearing
years and if the same schedule of age-
specific rates is applied throughout the
childbearing years
 Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)

B f ( a)
GRR=TFR x
B m+ f (a)

Let
• Bf = Number of female births
• Bm+f = Number of male and female births,
i.e., all births
 Example
B f ( a)
Age
Births GRR=TFR x
Group of Women B m + f ( a)
Female Males
Mother
Total ASFR
15-19 10927 895 1031 1926 176.2606 7926
GRR =6.44 x
20-24 11370 1236 1006 2242 197.1856 14487
25-29 13868 1364 733 2097 151.2114
30-34 11086 1231 1415 2646 238.6794
35-39 10314 1901 1631 3532 342.4472
40-44 11228 1299 745 2044 182.0449 daugthers per women
7926 6561 14487 1287.829
6.44
 Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)
• Net Reproduction Rate—Average number
of daughters expected to be born alive to a
hypothetical cohort of women if the same
schedule of age-specific fertility and
mortality rates applied throughout the
childbearing years
 Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)

Let
NRR= ¿
• n = number of years in the age group
• WSFR = women specific fertility rate
WSFR
• S= survival rates
 Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)
Births
Age
Group of Women
Mother Female Males
Survival Rate WSFR [WSFR]S
15-19 9724 752 888 0.9 77.33 69.60
20-24 9830 1125 836 0.8 114.45 91.56
25-29 10089 1749 1893 0.6 173.36 104.01
30-34 12980 1922 1700 0.9 148.07 133.27
35-39 11940 1402 1672 0.8 117.42 93.94
40-44 14516 1053 919 0.9 72.54 65.29
557.66

NRR= ¿ Since NRR>1 population in increasing

/1000
 THANK
YOU AND
STAY
SAFE!!!