Wireless communication

and Mobile
Computing
Chapter Three
WLAN and WPAN
Instructor: Agmas G.
 Outli
ne
 WLAN and WPAN
 IEEE 802.11 WLAN
Ethernet
 IEEE 802.11 WLAN
Bluetooth
 WPAN
 Sensor Networks

2
 Introduct
ion
Wireless systems consist of
 Wireless local area networks (WLAN),
 Wireless personal area networks (WPAN)
 Wireless metro area networks(WMAN)
 wireless wide-area networks (WWAN)[i.e.,
cellular systems],
 The diagram below shows a brief
idea to the network evolution.

3
 Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLAN) to mobile data
Support communication
users via wireless channel in a small area
(around 100 meters).
 Wireless devices that access these LANs
are typically stationary or moving at
pedestrian speeds.
 The 1G of WLANproducts provided
data rates of about 1-2 Mbps;
 Current generation data rates up to 54 Mbps.
 Mobile device in the WLANs connected
to wired networks provided through
an “access point”. 4
 The IEEE 802.11 committee is
Cont
’dESS
IV.
 Set of infrastructure BSS’s
 AP’s communicate with each other
 Forward traffic from one BSS to another
Facilitate movement of
stations from one BSS to
another
 Extends range of mobility
beyond reach
of a single BSS
V. Distribution system
 The
coverage
fixed (wired) infrastructure used to 5
 Cont
’d
IEEE 802.11 standard belongs
to the group of 802.x LAN
standards,
 e.g., 802.3 Ethernet or 802.5 Token Ring
 The standard specifies the physical
and medium access layer adapted
to the special requirements of wireless
LANs
 The standard has been issued in several
stages.
 The first part, issued in 1997, is simply
called 802.11 and operates at 1 and 2 6
Mbps
Cont
’d
 802.11a:
operates in the 5 GHz band and can go up to
54 Mbps
 Transmission range: 100m outdoor, 10m
indoor
 E.g., 54 Mbit/s up to 5 m, 48 up to 12 m, 36 up
to 25 m, 24 up to 30m, 18 up to 40 m, 12 up to
60 m
 Less prone to interference and More
expensive.
 802.11b:
 These LANs use the 2.2-to-2.4835 GHz band
 operates at data rates up to 11 Mbps
7
 also known as Wi-Fi (abbreviated from
Cont
’d A government license is not required to
operate equipment in this frequency range
 Prone to interference (it shares
airspace with cell phones,
Bluetooth, security radios, and other
devices).
 Because 802.11b and 802.11a use different
radio technologies and
portions of the spectrum, they are
incompatible with one another.
 802.11g:
 802.11g is an enhancement of 802.11b
 Dual-mode 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz operability
 can go up to 54 Mbps 8


 Cont
’d
802.11aVersus 802.11g
 operates in different frequency band
 802.11a distance range is lower than 802.11g
(higher frequencies have shorter ranges)
 cost of 802.11a could be higher – you need
more access points for the same area
 802.11n:
 Speed: Up to 700Mbs
 Range: 50 feet

9
Cont
’dWi-Fi
Characteristics

1
0
Cont
’d


Wireless LAN
Technologies
1
1
Cont
’d operating modes
Main
 Ad-hoc mode
 Participants: only clients
 Communications: peer-to-
peer
 For ad-hoc networks
 Infrastructure mode
 Participants: AP and clients t
 Communications: only s
between AP and clien
 AP: provides also connection
between
1
the wireless and wireline 2
 Wireless Personal Area
Network(WPAN)
Networks that connect devices within a
small range
 Typically on the order of 10-100 meters
 Application areas
 Cable replacement
 Eliminates need for numerous cable attachments
 Hook your laptop to your PDA, headphones, mouse,
keyboard, printer,
camera, etc.
 Ad hoc networking
 Device with PAN radio can establish connection with
another when in range
 Use band available globally for unlicensed
1
users 3
Applications of
WPANs

1
4
 Bluetooth
 Standard
Universal short-range wireless capability
 Bluetooth devices should work anywhere in the
world (mostly)
 Devices within 10 m can share up to 865 kbps of
capacity
 Bluetooth ≈ IEEE 802.15.1
 Bluetooth standardization began in 1998
 Sponsors
 Initial: Ericsson, Nokia, IBM,Toshiba, and Intel
 Expanded in 1999 to include 3
Com, Lucent, Microsoft, and
Motorola.Thousands of companies are now
adopters 1
 Goals of system design 5
Cont
’d No fixed infrastructure required for network
set-up or maintenance
 Voice and data connections
 Small, low power radio (1 mW transmit power
to get 10 menabled
 Bluetooth range) electronic
 Low cost: $5-$10 per node
communicate devices wirelessly
connect and
through known
networks short-range,
as piconets.
ad hoc
 Up to 8 devices in one piconet (1 master and
7 slave devices).
 The reason for the upper limit of eight active
devices, is the 3- bit address used in
Bluetooth.

1
6
 Cont
’d
Piconet operation
 The piconet master is a device in a piconet
whose clock and device address are used to
define the piconet physical channel
characteristics.
 All other devices in the piconet are called
piconet slaves.
 At any given time, data can be transferred
between the master
and one slave.
 The master switches rapidly from slave to
slave in a round-robin fashion.
 Any device may switch the master/slave role
1
7 at any time.
 ZigBee
Technology
 ZigBee technology is a low data rate, low
power consumption, low cost, wireless
networking protocol
 The specification is based on the IEEE
802.15.4 standard
 Is capable of connecting 255 devices per
network
 Can be implemented in mesh (peer- to-peer)
networks larger than is possible with
Bluetooth
 Data rates of up to 250 Kbps at a range of up
to 30 m
 Potential applications are sensors, interactive 1
toys, smart badges, remote controls, 8
 Cont
’d topology
 Star
 Communication is established between
devices and a single
central controller, called the PAN coordinator.
 Applications: home automation, personal computer
(PC) peripherals, toys, and games.
 Peer-to-peer topology
 peer-to-peer topology, there is also one PAN
coordinator.
 In contrast to star topology, any device can
communicate with any other device as long as
they are in range of one another.
 Applications: industrial control and 1
9
 Cont
’d
 Cluster-tree topology
 Is a special case of a peer-to-peer network in which
most devices are (Full Function Devices) FFD and
an RFD may connect to a cluster-tree network as a
leaf node at the end of a branch.
 Advantage: increased coverage at the cost of
increased message latency.

2
0
Cont
’d

2
1
 Wireless Metro Area Networks
 (WMAN)
WMAN – Wireless Metropolitan Area Network –
IEEE 802.16
 IEEE 802.16
 Defines the air interface, including the MAC layer
and multiple PHY layer options, for fixed
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) systems to be
used in WMAN.
 Often referred to as WiMax (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access)
 IEEE 802.16 cannot be used in a mobile
environment. For this purpose, IEEE 802.16e is
being developed.
 WiMAX
2
 “a big Wi-Fi” 2
 GIFI
Network
Advantages of GIFI
 Low power consumption: Even though GI-FI
transfer large amount of information but it
consumes very less power in the range of few
mille-watts only.
 GI-FI uses very little one-millimeter-wide antenna
and it has less than 2mili watts of power
consumption that in compare to the current
technologies is very less.
 High security: the IEEE 802.15.3C provides more
security.
 Cost effectiveness: The use of low-cost, mass
produced chipsets will drive costs down 2
3
 GIFI
Network
 Small size: The size of the GI-FI chip is 5×5
millimeter and
can be placed in different devices such as
mobile phones.
 The chip has a tiny 1mm antenna and uses the
60GHz.
 Faster Data Transmission: GI-FI is a wireless
transmission system which is ten times faster
than Wi-Fi and its chip delivers short-range
multi-gigabit data transfer in an indoor
environment.
 It will allow wireless transfer of audio and video
data up to 5 gigabits per second. 2
4
 Sensor
Network
 Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists of sensors
which are distributed in an ad hoc manner.
 These sensors work with each other to sense some physical

phenomenon and then the information gathered is processed to

get relevant results.
 Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and algorithms

with self-organizing capabilities.

 Sensor networks are highly distributed networks of small,

lightweight wireless node, deployed in large numbers to monitor

the environment or system.
2
5
 Cont
’dnode of the sensor networks consist of
 Each
three subsystem:
 Sensor subsystem: senses the environment
 Processing subsystem: performs local
computations on the sensed data
 Communication subsystem: responsible for
message exchange with neighboring sensor
nodes.
 Power management subsystem
 Security subsystem
 The features of sensor nodes
 Limited sensing region, processing power,
energy
2
6 WSNs are networks that consists of sensors
 Cont
’d
WSNs consists of protocols and
algorithms with self-organizing
capabilities.
 Sensor networks are highly distributed
networks of small, lightweight wireless
node, deployed in large numbers to monitor
the environment or system.
 Each node of the sensor networks consist of
three subsystem:
 Sensor subsystem: senses the environment
 Processing subsystem: performs local
computations on the sensed data
 Communication subsystem: responsible for
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message exchange with
 Cont
’d
The advantage of sensor networks
 Robust : a large number of sensors
 Reliable :
 Accurate : sensor networks covering a
wider region
 Fault-tolerant : many nodes are sensing
the same event
 Two important operations in a
sensor networks
 Data dissemination : the propagation
of data/queries throughout the
network
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 Data gathering : the collection of
 Cont
’d
Using in military
 Battlefield surveillance and monitoring,
guidance systems of intelligent missiles,
detection of attack by weapons of mass
destruction such as chemical, biological,
or nuclear
 Using in nature
 Forest fire, flood detection, habitat
exploration of animals
 Using in health
 Monitor the patient’s heart rate or blood
pressure, and sent regularly to alert the
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concerned doctor, provide patients a
 Cont
’d
Using in home (smart home)
 Sensor node can built into appliances at
home, such as ovens, refrigerators, and
vacuum cleaners, which enable them to
interact with each other and be remote-
controlled
 Using in office building
 Airflow and temperature of different parts
of the building can
be automatically controlled
 Using in warehouse
 Improve their inventory control system by
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installing sensors on the products to track
 Comparison with Ad Hoc
Wireless Networks
Different from Ad Hoc wireless networks
 The number of nodes in sensor network can
be several orders of
magnitude large than the number of nodes in an
ad hoc network.
 Sensor nodes are more easy to failure and
energy drain, and their battery sources are
usually not replaceable or rechargeable.
 Sensor nodes may not have unique global
identifiers (ID), so unique addressing is not
always feasible in sensor networks.
 Sensor nodes may not have global ID
because of the large amount of overhead
and large number of sensors.
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 Sensor networks are data-centric, the queries
 Cont
’d Ad Hoc networks are address-centric, with
queries addressed to particular nodes
specified by their unique address.
 WSNs mainly use broadcast
communication while ad hoc
networks use point-to-point
communication.
 Unlike ad hoc networks WSNs are limited by
sensors limited power, energy and
computational capability.

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 Characteristics
ofWSNs
WSNsmainly consists of sensors.
 Sensors are -
 low power
 limited memory
 energy constrained due to their small size.
 Wireless networks can also be deployed in
extreme environmental conditions and
may be prone to enemy attacks.
 Although deployed in an ad hoc manner
they need to be self organized and self
healing and can face constant
reconfiguration.

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 Summ
ary
Wireless Wide Area Networks
(WWANs)
 Cellular Networks :
 GSM, cdmaone (IS-95), UMTS, cdma2000
EVDO
 Satellite Networks:
 Iridium, Inmarsat, GPS, etc.
 Wireless Metro Area Networks
(WMANs)
 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
 Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANs)
 IEEE 802.11, a, b, g, etc. 3
4
Summ
ary

3
5