OODB

Conventional Database Systems

and Applications
• Uniformity: Large numbers of similarly structured
data items, all of which having essentially the
same size (in bytes).
• Record Orientation: Basic data items consist of
(fixed-length) records.
• Small Data Items: Each record (tuple) is short –
a tuple rarely requires more than a few hundred
bytes.
• Atomic Fields: Fields within a tuple are short,
length typically within a specific range, first
normal form holds.
 Who Needs Object-Oriented
Databases ?
• Computer-aided design (CAD)
• Computer-aided software engineering
(CASE)
• Multimedia databases
• Office information systems (OIS)
• Expert database systems
 OODBMS vs RDBMS
• RDBMS have been around for more than 20 years,
OODBMS are relatively new.
• RDBMS can handle >1010 records, OODBMS up to 107.
• OODBM good for storing complex descriptions (e.g., a
plant schematic), RDMSs appropriate for simple, “flat”
data.
• RDBMS control the DB market (>90%), OODBMS own
<5% of the market.
• Most commercial RDBMS come with an “Object-
Relational” extension which implements an object
database on top of a RDBMS
 Impedence Missmath

Main Memory

Transform and type checking

SQL
 Object-Oriented Paradigm
• Our environment exclusively consists of objects
• Together with the objects comes their behavior; i.e. objects
are described by their functionality
• Mostly we know the functionality of objects but we don't
know how this functionality is realized (encapsulation)
• Objects react to messages
• Only the objects themselves decide in which way they
react to a message
• Different objects may react to the same message in
different ways (polymorphism)
• Objects inherit characteristics and abilities as a result of
their membership of a special class or category
• The concepts of inheritance and polymorphism can best be
exploited if the underlying system supports run-time type
checking and late binding - the operation to be used is
choosen at run time and converted to a program address
 OODB

Main Memory

Transform and type checking

SQL
 Definisi
• Menurut Kim 1991:
– OODM :
Model data lojik yang merupakan hasil
Capture dari semantik objek yang didukung
oleh OOP
– OODB:
koleksi objek yang di share dan bersifat
persisten yang didefinisikan dalam OODM
– OODBMS:
Pengelolaan OODB
 Object Data Model
Traditional Semantic OO Special
DB System Data Model Programming Requiement
• Persistence •Object ID
•Sharing •Encapsuation
•Transaction • Generalization •Inheritance • Versioning
•Concurrent •Type & Class
Control •Aggregation •Methods • Schema
•Recovery •Complex Evolution
•Security Object
•Integrity •Polymorphism
•Query •Extenxibility

Object Data Model

 Struktur Object
• Object digambarkan dengan:
– Variable
– Message
– Method
•
Contoh Class
class employee {
/*Variables */
string name;
string address;
date start-date;
int salary;
/* Messages */
int annual-salary();
string get-name();
string get-address();
int set-address(string new-address);
int employment-length();
};
• Methods to read and set the other variables are also needed with
strict encapsulation
• Methods are defined separately
– E.g. int employment-length() { return today() – start-date;}
int set-address(string new-address) { address = new-address;}
 Inheritance
• Place classes into a specialization/IS-A
hierarchy
– variables/messages belonging to class person are
inherited by class employee as well as customer
• Result is a class hierarchy

Note analogy with ISA Hierarchy in the E-R model

Class Hierarchy Definition
class person{
string name;
string address:
};
class customer isa person {
int credit-rating;
};
class employee isa person {
date start-date;
int salary;
};
class officer isa employee {
int office-number,
int expense-account-number,
};
Example of Multiple Inheritance

Class DAG for banking example.

 Object Identity
• An object retains its identity even if some or all of the
values of variables or definitions of methods change
over time.
• Object identity is a stronger notion of identity than in
programming languages or data models not based
on object orientation.
– Value – data value; e.g. primary key value used in relational
systems.
– Name – supplied by user; used for variables in procedures.
– Built-in – identity built into data model or programming
language.
• no user-supplied identifier is required.
• Is the form of identity used in object-oriented systems.
 Object Identifiers
• Object identifiers used to uniquely identify objects
– Object identifiers are unique:
• no two objects have the same identifier
• each object has only one object identifier
– E.g., the spouse field of a person object may be an identifier
of another person object.
– can be stored as a field of an object, to refer to another
object.
– Can be
• system generated (created by database) or
• external (such as social-security number)
– System generated identifiers:
• Are easier to use, but cannot be used across database systems
• May be redundant if unique identifier already exists
 Object Containment

• Each component in a design may contain other components

• Can be modeled as containment of objects. Objects containing;
other objects are called composite objects.
• Multiple levels of containment create a containment hierarchy
– links interpreted as is-part-of, not is-a.
• Allows data to be viewed at different granularities by different
users.
 Skema Data
• Kotak untuk Objek
• Oval untuk relasi antar objek
Index
Doc_In
Entries : INT

Document
Capter
Containt
Title : String Title : String
Number : Int Revision : Int Index

Name : String

Auther
 OO VS EER Data Modeling
• OO • EER
– Class – Entity type
– Object – Entity Instance
– Association – Relationship
– Inheritance of – Inheritance of
atribut attribut
– Inheritance of – No representation
behavior of behavior
 Database Architecture
• Extended Database System
– Menyediakan fungsi untuk query basiswata
– Programer dapat berinteraksi dengan :
• Aplikasu bahasa pemrograman
• Bahasa SQL
• Database Programming Language
– Perluasan dari OOP, seperti C++, Java yang
menyediakan persistensi, concurrent control, dll
– Bahasa query dan OOP dieksekusi dalam lingkungan
aplikasi, berbagi data dan sstem yang sama
 Database Architecture….
• Object Manager (persistent object stores)
– Sebuah paket yang disediakan leh file system atau
virtual memori
– Menyediakan repositori untuk object persistent
– Jangan melibatkan query atau bahasa pemrograman
– Aplikasi yang sederhana
• Database System Generator
– Mengijinkan implementator basisdata untuk
membangun DBMS untuk kebutuhannya
Database Architecture

DB Programing Language

Extended DBS
Database
System
generator
Object Manager
 ODMS
• Database Prog. Language • Extended RDB System
– O2 – Postgres
– ObjectStore – Starburst
– Objectivity – Algres
– ONTOS – Ingres
– Versant – Sybase
– GBase – Xidak Orion
– STATICE • Object Manager
– MCC Orion – POMS
– Itasca – Mneme
• Database Syst. Generator – ObServer
– Exodus – Camelot
– Genesis – LOOM
 OQL
• Stand Alone:
– Select struct (n: p.name, s: p.sex) from people
as p where p.age < 18

• Embedded in C++:
– D_oql_execute(teenagers, “Select p from
people as p where p.age < 18”
 Operand
• Constans:
– 1, true, “string”, Nill
• Named Object
– People; President
• Variable
– P; p.age or p->age; I[i]
 Operator
• Numerical: +, - , *, /, mod, abs
• Comarison : =, !=, >, <, >=
• Boolean : not, and, or
• Constructor:
– Object Employee(name:”John”, Salary:15000)
– Collection :Vector(1, 2, 3)
– Structure : struct(name: P.name, age: p.age)
– Literal Collection : set(1,2,3)
 Operator on Collections
• Set
– Intersection, union, except
• Selection
– Select result(x, y, …) from col1 as x, col2 as y,…
where predicate(x,y,…)
• Quantificators
– For All x in collection
– Exist x in collection
• Conversion
– Element(singleton)
– Flatten(collection_of_collection)
 OQL Select – From - Where
Select <list of values> from <list of collection
and typical member> where <condition>
• Collection in Fromcan be any expression
that evaluate to a collection