GER 111 APPLICATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNCATION TECHNOLOGY

Introduction to Computers Systems

Lecture 1

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 UNIT 1.1

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers in Your Life

• Why learn about computers?

– Pervasive computing
• Also known as ubiquitous computing
• Computers have become an integral part of our
lives
– Basic computer literacy
• Knowing about and understanding computers and
their uses is an essential skill today for everyone

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 3
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers in Your Life
• Before 1980
– Computers were large, expensive
– Very few people had access to them
– Computers were mostly used for high-volume processing tasks
• Microcomputers in the early 80s
– Inexpensive personal computers
– Computer use increased dramatically
• Today
– More than 60% of US households include a computer, and most use computers at work
– Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 4
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers in the Home
• Computers used for a variety of tasks:
– Looking up information and news
– Exchange e-mail
– Shopping and paying bills
– Downloading music and movies
– Organizing digital photographs
– Playing games
– Telecommuting
• Convergence
– The computer has become the central part of home entertainment
– Dual-mode mobile phones

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 5
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers in the Home

• Wireless networking
– Computers can be used in nearly any location
• Smart appliances
– Traditional appliances with built-in computer or communication technology
• Smart homes
– Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in the
house

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 6
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers in Education
• K-12 schools now use the computer as an overall student-
based learning tool
• Colleges and universities are even more integrated
– Classrooms, computer labs, dorms, libraries
– Wireless hotspots and Internet assignments
• Teachers
– Prepare handouts, exams, and class presentations
– Maintain course Web pages
• Distance learning
– Students participate from locations other than the traditional
classroom setting using computers and Internet access

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 7
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers in the Workplace
• Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool for
decision-making, productivity and communication

– Used by all types of employees

– Used for access control and other security measures
– Use by service professionals is growing
– Used extensively by the military
– Employees in all lines of work need to continually
refresh their computer skills

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 8
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers on the Go
• Computers are encountered in nearly every
aspect of daily life
– Portable PCs and handheld computers
– Wi-Fi hotspots and Internet cafes
– ATM machines and retail stores
– Self-checkout systems and consumer kiosks
– M-commerce systems
– GPS systems

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 9
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 What Is a Computer and What Does It Do?
• Computer: A programmable, electronic device that
accepts data, performs operations on that data and
stores the data or results as needed
– Computers follow instructions, called programs,
which determine the tasks the computer will perform
• Basic operations
– Input: Entering data into the computer
– Processing: Performing operations on the data
– Output: Presenting the results
– Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future
use
– Communications: Sending or receiving data

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 10
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 UNIT 1.2

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Data vs. Information

• Data
– Raw, unorganized facts
– Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video
• Information
– Data that has been processed into a meaningful form
• Information processing
– Converting data into information

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 12
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers Then and Now
• The computer as we know it is a fairly recent invention
• The history of computers is often referred to in terms of
generations
• Each new generation is characterized by a major technological
development

• Pre computers and early computers (before 1945)

– Abacus, slide rule, mechanical calculator
– Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 13
Morley and Charles S. Parker.] 13
 Computers Then and Now
• First-generation computers (1946-1957)
– Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes
– Used a great deal of electricity, and generated a lot of
heat
– ENIAC and UNIVAC

• Second-generation computers (1958-1963)

– Used transistors
– Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper,
more efficient, and more reliable
– Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to input
and store data
Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 14
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers Then and Now
• Third-generation computers (1964-1970)
– Used integrated circuits (ICs)
– Keyboards and monitors introduced

• Fourth-generation computers (1971-present)

– Use microprocessors
– IBM PC, Apple Macintosh
– Use keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers
– Use magnetic disks, flash memory, and optical disks for storage
– Computer networks, wireless technologies, Internet introduced

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 15
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers Then and Now

• Fifth-generation (now and the future)

– Infancy stage
– No precise classification
– May be based on artificial intelligence (AI)
– Likely use voice input
– May be based on optical computers and utilize nanotechnology

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 16
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 UNIT 1.3

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Hardware
• Hardware: The physical parts of a
computer
– Internal hardware
• Located inside the main box (system unit)
of the computer
– External hardware
• Located outside the system unit and plug
into ports located on the exterior of the
system unit
– Hardware associated with all five
computer operations

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 18
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Hardware
• Input devices
– Used to input data into the computer
– Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones,
joysticks, etc.
• Processing devices
– Perform calculations and control computer’s operation
– Central processing unit (CPU) and memory
• Output devices
– Present results to the user
– Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 19
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Hardware

• Storage devices
– Used to store data on or access data from storage media
– Hard drives, DVD disks and drives, USB flash drives, etc.
• Communications devices
– Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically
access information
– Modems, network adapters, etc.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 20
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Software

• Software: The programs or instructions used to tell the computer

hardware what to do
– System software: Operating system allows a computer to operate
• Boots the computer and launches programs at the user’s direction
• Most use a GUI to interact with the user via windows, icons, menus,
buttons, etc.
• Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 21
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Software

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 22
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Application Software
– Application software: Performs specific
tasks or applications
• Creating letters, budgets, etc.
• Managing inventory and customer databases
• Editing photographs
• Scheduling appointments
• Viewing Web pages
• Sending and receiving e-mail
• Recording / playing CDs
• Designing homes
• Playing games

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 23
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computer Users and Professionals

• Computer users (end users)

– People who use a computer to obtain information

• Computer professionals include:

– Programmers
– Systems analysts
– Computer operations personnel

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 24
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 UNIT 1.4

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers to Fit Every Need
• Six basic categories of computers
– Embedded computers
– Mobile devices
– Personal computers
– Midrange servers
– Mainframe computers
– Supercomputers

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 26
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Embedded Computers
• Embedded computer: Embedded into a product and designed to
perform specific tasks or functions for that product
• Cannot be used as general-purpose computers
• Often embedded into:
– Household appliances
– Thermostats
– Sewing machines
– A/V equipment
– Cars

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 27
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Mobile Devices
• Mobile device: A very small device
with some type of built-in
computing or Internet capability
• Typically based on cellular phones
• Examples:
– Smart phones
– Smart watches
– Handheld gaming devices
– Portable digital media players

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 28
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Personal Computers/Desktop PCs
• Personal Computer: A computer system
designed to be used by one person at a time
– Also called a microcomputer
– Can be desktop or portable computers

• Desktop PCs: Fit on or next to a desk

– Can use tower case, desktop case, or
all-in-one
– Can be PC-compatible or Macintosh
– Not designed to be portable

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 29
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Portable PC’s
• Notebook (laptop) computers
– Typically use clamshell design
• Tablet PCs
– Can be slate tablets or convertible
• Handheld computers
– Size of a paperback book or pocket calculator
– Some include phone capabilities
– Ultra Mobile Personal Computer (UMPC): Fully-functioning handheld

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 30
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Portable PC’s

• Most include wireless networking capabilities

• Can synch (share information) with a desktop
computer as needed
• Can use a docking station or notebook stand as
needed

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 31
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Thin Clients and Internet Appliances
• Thin client or network computer (NC): PC
designed to access a network for processing and data
storage
– Lower cost and easier maintenance
– Limited or no local storage
– Not able to function as a computer if network is down
• Internet appliance: Specialized network computer
designed for Internet access and/or e-mail exchange
– Often set-top boxes
– Can include Internet-enabled gaming consoles

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 32
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Midrange Servers
• Midrange server: A medium-sized computer used to
host programs and data for a small network
– Users connect via a network with a computer, thin
client, or dumb terminal
– May consist of a collection of individual circuit
boards called blades (blade servers)

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 33
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Mainframe Computers
• Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by
several large organizations to manage large amounts of
centralized data
– Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals,
universities, large businesses, banks, government
offices
– Located in climate-controlled data centers and
connected to the rest of the company computers via
a network
– Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than
midrange servers
– Usually operate 24 hours a day
– Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class
servers
Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 34
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Supercomputers
• Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most
powerful type of computer
– Generally run one program at a time, as fast as
possible
– Commonly built by connecting hundreds of
smaller computers, supercomputing cluster
– Used for space exploration, missile guidance,
satellites, weather forecast, oil exploration,
scientific research, complex Web sites, decision
support systems, 3D applications, etc.

• Grid computing: Using the unused processing

power of a large number of computers to work
together on a single task

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 35
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 UNIT 1.5

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computer Networks and the Internet
• Computer network: A collection of hardware and other devices
that are connected together.
– Users can share hardware, software, and data
– Users can communicate with each other
• Network servers: Manage resources on a network
• Clients: Access resources through the network server
• Computer networks exist in many sizes and types
– Home networks, School and small business networks
– Large corporate
– Public wireless networks
– The Internet
Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 37
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 What Are the Internet and the www?
• Internet: The largest and most well-known computer
network in the world
• Individuals connect to the Internet using an Internet service
provider (ISP)
• World Wide Web: One resource (a vast collection of
Web pages) available through the Internet
– Web sites contain Web pages stored on Web servers
– Web pages viewed using a Web browser (Internet
Explorer, Safari, Firefox, Opera, etc.
• A wide variety of information is available through the Web

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 38
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Accessing a Network or the Internet
• Need a modem or network adapter
• Some networks require a username and password
• Internet connections can be:
– Direct (always-on) connections
– Dial-up connections
• Internet addresses are used to access resources on the Internet
– IP address: Numeric address that identifies computers (207.46.138.20)
– Domain name: Text-based address that identifies computers (microsoft.com)
– Uniform resource locator (URL): Identifies Web pages (http://www.pbskids.org)
– E-mail address: Identifies people for e-mail exchange ([email protected])

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 39
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 IP Addresses and Domain Names
• IP addresses are numeric and unique
• Domain Names: Correspond to IP addresses
– Top-level domains (TLDs) identifies type of organization
or its location

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 40
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
• URL: Uniquely identifies a Web page
• Consists of:
– Information identifying the Web server
– Names of folders in which the Web page files are
stored
– Web page’s filename
• Protocols:
– Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http) is typically used to
display Web pages (https is used for secure Web
pages
– File Transfer Protocol (ftp) is often used for file
exchange
Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 41
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 E-Mail Addresses
• E-mail addresses consist of:
– Username: A persons’ identifying name for a particular domain
– The @ symbol
– Domain name for the computer that will be handling the person’s
e-mail (mail server)
• Pronouncing Internet addresses

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 42
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Surfing the Web
• Web browser: Used to display Web pages
• Browser home page: The first page displayed
when the browser is opened
• To load a Web page, you can:
– Type a URL in the Address bar
– Click a hyperlink on a displayed Web page
– Select a Favorite/Bookmark or page from the
History list

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 43
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Searching the Web

• Search site: Web page that helps you find

Web pages containing the in formation you
are seeking
– Typically search using keywords
• Reference sites: Look up addresses,
telephone numbers, ZIP codes, maps, etc.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 44
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 E-Mail
• Electronic mail (e-mail): electronic
messages exchanged via a private network
or the Internet
– Can be conventional or Web-based
– Can contain photos, attached files, etc.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 45
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Computers and Society
• The vast improvements in technology over the past decade have had a
distinct impact on daily life, both at home and at work
• Many benefits of a computer-oriented society
• Also risks
– Computer viruses
– Identity theft and phishing
– Privacy issues
• Differences in online communications
• The anonymity factor
• Information integrity (not all information on the Internet is accurate)

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 46
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Summary

• Computers in Your Life

• What Is a Computer and What Does It Do
• Computers to Fit Every Need
• Computer Networks and the Internet
• Computers and Society

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah 47
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Thank you

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]