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DC Machines

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33 views18 pages

DC Machines

Uploaded by

goyal.167009
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DC Machines

DC Machines
• A rotating DC machine has two main parts, stator and rotor separated
by an air gap.
• Stator remains stationary and normally is the outer frame of the
machine.
• The rotor is free to move and normally is the inner part of the
machine.
• Both stator and rotor are made of ferromagnetic material.
DC machine may work as
1. Generator 2. Motor
An electromechanical device (electrical An electromechanical device (electrical machine) that
machine) that converts mechanical energy or converts electrical energy or power (EI) into
power (ωT) into electrical energy or power (EI) mechanical energy or power (ωT) is called a motor.
is called generator.
Construction
The DC Machine Consists of the following main parts:
1. Magnetic field system
• It is the stationary part of the machines and produces main magnetic
flux.
• It comprises of yoke, pole core, pole shoes and field windings.
• Yoke is an outer cylindrical frame to which main poles and inter poles are
fixed and by means of which the machine is fixed to the foundation.
• Pole core and pole shoes: The pole core and pole shoes are fixed to the
magnetic frame or yoke by bolts. They serve the following purposes: (a)
They support the field or exciting coils. (b) They spread out the magnetic
flux over the armature periphery more uniformly.
• The winding through which current is passed to produce magnetic field is
called field winding. Sometimes permanent magnet are used to produce
magnetic field in small motors.
2. Armature
• It is the rotating part of DC machine.
• It consist of shaft upon which a laminated cylinder called armature core is
mounted.
• Armature core has slots on its outer surface.
• Insulated conductors are suitably connected to form a winding called as
armature winding.
• Armature winding is of two types:
A) LAP Winding: In lap winding, the conductors are connected in such a way
that the number of parallel paths(A) are equal to the number of poles(P), i.e.
A=P.
B) WAVE Winding: In wave winding, the conductors are so connected that
they are divided into two parallel paths, irrespective of the number of poles
of the machine i.e. A=2.
3. Commutator
• In DC generator, alternating voltage is produced in a coil rotating in a
magnetic field. To obtain DC supply in external circuit, commutator is
needed.
• In DC motor, it converts the alternating torque into unidirectional
(continuous) torque produced in the armature.
• Commutators are made of hard drawn copper.
4. Brushes
The brushes are pressed upon the commutator and form the connecting
link between the armature winding and the external circuit. They are
usually made of high grade carbon.
EMF EQUATION
Let P = number of poles of the machine
f = flux per pole in Wb
Z = total number of armature conductors
N = speed of armature in rpm
A = number of parallel paths in the armature winding
The number of conductors connected in series in each parallel path =
Z/A
In one revolution of the armature, flux cut by one conductor = Pϕ Wb
Time taken to complete one revolution, t = 60/N s
Therefore, average induced emf in one conductor is given by
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙𝒄𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝑾𝒃
𝒆=
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
That means the induced emf is directly proportional to flux per pole
and speed.
* The same induced emf is called back emf( Eb) in DC Motor
Equivalent Circuit of DC Generator
Armature If E = emf induced in the armature in Volts
Ia= Armature Current in Amperes
Ra= Armature winding Resistance in Ohms
Vb = Voltage drop across the brushes in
Volts
V = Terminal Voltage across the load in
Eb Volts
E = V+ IaRa + 2Vb
b
If we neglect brush drop Vb, then
E = V+ IaRa
DC Motor- Operating Principle
• The operation of a DC motor is based on the
principle that when a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force is N Field System

experienced by it. The direction of this force is Armature


determined by Fleming’s left-hand rule. Fc Conductors

• For simplicity, consider a conductor placed in the


slots of armature between tow magnetic poles.
• As son as current is passed through the conductor, a ϕ
force is exerted on the conductor.
Armature
• Since the conductor is placed on the outer slot of the
armature, a tangential force Fc tends to move the
armature. Since armature is free to move and there
are number of conductors across the circumference
of the armature which experience the same force in S
the same direction.
• When this force overcomes the armature (rotor)
inertia, armature begins to rotate.
Equivalent Circuit of DC Motor
Armature If Eb = Back emf induced in the
armature in Volts
Ia= Armature Current in Amperes
Ra= Armature winding Resistance in
Ohms
Vb = Voltage drop across the brushes in
Volts
V = Terminal Voltage across the load in
b
Volts
V= Eb + IaRa + 2Vb
If we neglect brush drop Vb, then
V= Eb + IaRa
Significance of Back EMF
Torque Equation of DC Motor
As we know the voltage equation of the motor is given by Therefore,
V= Eb+IaRa…………………………. (1) 𝑃𝑚= EbIa
2πn𝜏= EbIa
𝜏=
Multiply equation 1 by Ia
𝐸𝑏𝐼𝑎
VIa= EbIa+𝐼𝑎2Ra………………………..(2) 2πn
……………………..……. (3)
𝑛𝑃𝜑𝑍
𝐴
Where Putting the value of back emf Eb = in Equation 3 we
get
PZ
VIa=Electtrical power input to the motor
𝜏= 𝜙𝐼
2πA 𝑎
EbIa= Electrical Equivalent of gross mechanical power
developed
𝐼𝑎2Ra= Copper losses in the armature winding of a dc motor is proportional to 𝜙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑎
Since P, Z and A are constant for the machine, the torque

Mechanical power developed by the armature is given by


𝑃𝑚 = 𝜔𝜏 = 2πn𝜏 (Since 𝜔 = 2πn)
Where 𝜏 = Gross torque developed by the motor
TYPES OF DC MOTORS
On the basis of the connections of armature and their field winding, DC
motors can be classified as follows.
1. Separately Excited DC Motors
• In this type of motor, field winding is excited
By a separated DC source.
• Its voltage equation will be

Separately excited DC Motor


2. Self-excited DC Motors

These motors can be further classified as follows:


A. Shunt Motor
• Field winding is connected in parallel with the armature as shown in
figure.
• Important Relations

Rsh

Shunt Motor
B. Series Motor
• In this type of motor, field winding is connected in series with the
armature.

Rse Important Relation

Series Motor

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