MODERN

CPU
ARCHITECTUR
E
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Computing
01 What is a CPU? 03 Abstraction Layers
We discuss the origins and Here, we discuss
concepts related to the computing abstraction
layers.
CPU

Instruction Set
02 History of the CPU 04 Architecture
We delve into the history We discuss ISA here.
of CPU here.
 0
1
WHAT IS A
CPU?
We discuss the origins and concepts
related to the CPU
WHAT IS A CPU?
Definition
The central processing unit is often called the brain
of the computer. A CPU turns inputs from your
memory like a photo in your hard drive to outputs
on your peripherals like your monitor, printer,
projector, speaker and other output devices. The
first digital computer was first created in 1946
called ENIAC, by this time computers were very
fragile, slow , and very large. The Central
Processing Unit (CPU) is the primary component of
a computer that acts as its “control center.
THE ENIAC
Definition

The Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the first
ever created digital computer in the year 1946. This was known as the
first ever general-purpose digital computer. It was seen as a very large,
slow and fragile computer and relatively expensive. It covered 1800
square feet and weighed almost 30 tons, this computers were built using
vacuum tube technology which is often called the first-generation
computers which was also a large computer.
COMPUTER BUG
DEFINITION
A bug was said to be an unexpected problem with a software or a
hardware. It was first discovered by the famous computer pioneer
scientist Grace Hopper on September 9th 1947. But this was surprisingly
not no ordinary ‘software bug’ but was in fact a real-life moth that was
causing issues in the computer hardware. This problems often come
about as a result of external interference with the programs
performance that was not anticipated by the developer. Minor bugs can
cause problems like freezing apps or error messages. Many bugs can
affect a system functionality but one of the most common types is a
crash .
INTEL (Integrated Electronics)

● In 1971, INTEL unveiled or invented the 4004 single chip

microprocessor for the calculator market. This was made as the
first general purpose programmable processor and packed all the
computational power of the ENIAC into one tiny device.

● In 1972, INTEL released the first 8-bit microprocessor called the

INTEL 8008, but its successor the INTEL 8080 was released in 1974.
The INTEL 8080 was one of the worlds most widespread
microprocessors.

● In 1978, INTEL released the 16 bit 8086.

 HISTORY
02 OF CPU
We delve into the history of CPU here
JOHN VON NEUMANN
John von Neumann, most popular for his work in the early development
of computers. He separated the general-purpose computers into three
which are; the main memory, central processing unit(CPU) and the
input/output interfaces.

. The main memory for the storing of data and instructions.

. The central processing unit(CPU) for decoding and executing
instructions.
. And the input and output interfaces.
 COMPUTING
ABSTRACTIO
N
03
LAYERS
Here, we discuss computing abstraction layers.
COMPUTING ABSTRACTION LAYERS
Introduction
1. Hardware Layer
Description: Physical components like processors,
memory, and storage devices.
Key Point: Basis for all other layers; converts
electrical signals into binary code.

2. Firmware Layer
Description: Low-level software closely tied to
hardware.
Key Point: Manages hardware resources directly
and provides a foundation for higher layers.

3. Operating System (OS) Layer

Description: Interface between hardware/firmware
and user applications.
Key Point: Manages hardware resources and
COMPUTING ABSTRACTION LAYERS
Introduction
4. Middleware Layer
Description: Software that connects different
applications and services.
Key Point: Facilitates communication and data
management among applications

5. Application Layer
Description: End-user software like word
processors, browsers, and games.
Key Point: Directly interacts with users, providing
specific functionality for tasks.
COMPUTING ABSTRACTION LAYERS
Hardware Layer
Logic Gates
Definition: Basic building blocks of digital circuits;
implement Boolean functions.

Types: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR.

Types and Functions:

● AND Gate: Outputs true only if all inputs are true.

● OR Gate: Outputs true if at least one input is true.
● NOT Gate: Inverts the input; true becomes false and
vice versa.
● NAND Gate: Outputs false only if all inputs are true
(NOT + AND).
● NOR Gate: Outputs true only if all inputs are false
(NOT + OR).
EXECUTION UNITS.
Definition: Components of the CPU responsible for executing instructions.

Types: Includes Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs), Floating Point Units (FPUs), Load/Store Units, and more.

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

● Function: Performs basic arithmetic (addition, subtraction) and logical (AND, OR, NOT)
operations.
● Importance: Handles integer calculations critical for most CPU tasks.

2. Floating Point Unit (FPU)

● Function: Executes operations on floating point numbers (decimal-based calculations).

● Importance: Crucial for complex mathematical computations in applications like
graphics and scientific simulations.

3. Load/Store Unit

● Function: Manages data transfer between CPU registers and memory.

● Importance: Ensures data is available for processing and results are stored correctly
EXECUTION UNITS.
4. Branch Unit

● Function: Handles decision-making instructions, determining the flow of

control in programs.
● Importance: Optimizes execution by predicting and handling branches in
code efficiently.

5. Vector Processing Unit (VPU)

● Function: Executes operations on multiple data points simultaneously (SIMD).

● Importance: Enhances performance in tasks like multimedia processing and
scientific computations.

Key Insight: Execution units are integral to the CPU’s performance, handling
specific tasks that together enable efficient and effective processing of instructions.
INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE
OVERVIEW
● Definition: A set of instructions that a CPU can execute, acting as the interface between software and hardware.
● Components: Includes machine language instructions, data types, addressing modes, registers, and interrupt
handling.

Key Elements:

1. Instructions
○ Function: Defines the operations the CPU can perform, such as arithmetic, logical, control, and I/O
operations.
○ Importance: Determines the capabilities and efficiency of a CPU.

2. Registers

● Function: Small, fast storage locations within the CPU used to hold data temporarily.
● Importance: Facilitates quick data access and manipulation during instruction execution.

3. Data Types

● Function: Specifies the types of data the CPU can handle, such as integers, floating-point numbers, and
INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE
4. Addressing Modes

○ Function: Defines how the CPU addresses memory locations for data fetching.
○ Importance: Influences instruction efficiency and the complexity of the CPU
design.

5. Interrupt Handling

○ Function: Mechanism to handle unexpected events or conditions during

program execution.
○ Importance: Ensures the CPU can respond to real-time events and errors
effectively.

Key Insight: The ISA is crucial for software compatibility and CPU performance, providing
a standardized interface for developers to write programs that run on different hardware.
THANKS
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