Lecture 11 - 12
Lecture 11 - 12
Lecture 11 - 12
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Design loads on bridges
Thermal
Friction
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Roadway design loadings
1. Dead load
Dead load on bridges consists of the
self-weight of the superstructure
plus the weight of other items
carried by the bridge such as utility
pipes which may be carried on the
sides or underneath the deck.
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The self-weight of the superstructure consists of the
deck, including the wearing surface, sidewalks, curbs,
parapets, railings, stringers, cross girders, and main
girders.
wearing surface
deck
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2. Live load
Live loads on bridges are caused by the traffic crossing the bridge. Design live
loads are usually specified by relevant design codes in the form of equivalent
traffic loads.
i. Truck loads
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ii. Longitudinal Tractive forces
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iv. Sidewalks
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Railway design loadings
1. Dead load
Superimposed dead loads on
railway bridges usually include the
rails, the sleepers, the ballast (or
any other mean for transmission of
train loads to the structural
elements), and the drainage system.
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2. Train load
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3. Longitudinal Braking and Tractive Forces
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4. Centripetal forces
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Load factors considered in LRFD method
𝛾𝑖 𝑄 𝑖 ≤ 𝜙 𝑅 𝑛
a load factor
The summation on the left side of Equation is over the total number
of load effects (including, but not limited to, dead load and live load),
where each load effect can be associated with a different load factor.
Not only can each load effect have a different load factor but also
the value of the load factor for a particular load effect will depend on
the combination of loads under consideration.
𝑅𝑢 ≤ 𝜙 𝑅𝑛
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The load factor for a particular load effect is not the same in all load
combinations. For example, in combination 2 the load factor for the
live load L is 1.6, whereas in combination 3, it is 1. The reason is
that the live load is being taken as the dominant effect in
combination 2, and one of the three effects, Lr , S, or R, will be
dominant in combination 3.
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Review of analysis of structural members
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P
L
P/2 P/2
P/2
SFD
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P
L
P/2 P/2
BMD
Max: Deflection =
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w (lbs/ft)
wL/2 wL/2
wL/2
Max: S.F = wL/2
wL/2
SFD
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w (lbs/ft)
wL/2 wL/2
Max: BM =
Max: Deflection=
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