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1.1 - Probability Spaces

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11 views24 pages

1.1 - Probability Spaces

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amirtheswaran.n
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MODULE-1

Basic Probability

• Definitions of probability
• Axioms of probability
• Conditional probability
• Independence
Links
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mz57_AQl7EcyZnzMeoWVIozVVl9jfyYI/view
?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ueve6AibuJI6ctdxkiMckirQUJEAu4-g/view?
usp=sharing
Basic Probability

Tossing coins
Basic Probability

Tossing a Coin

If a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes

❖Head (H) or
❖Tail (T)

Probability of the coin landing H is ½ and the probability of the


coin landing T is ½.
Throwing Dice

If a single die is thrown, there are six


possible outcomes:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

The probability of any one of them is 1/6.


Outcomes of rolling two dices
Balls in the Urns
Probability Line

Probability is always between 0 and 1

You can solve many simple probability problems just by knowing


two simple rules

❖ The probability of any sample point can range from 0 to 1.


❖ The sum of probabilities of all sample points in a sample space is
equal to 1
Definition of probability
• If a trial results in n exhaustive mutually exclusive and equally
likely cases and m of them are favourable to the happening of
an event A, then the probability of happening of A is given by

Video Links
• https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bfHvnCcBVbR5gfK_wcCskEPq
EoIT92dc/view?usp=sharing
Axioms of probability
•
•
• If is a complementary event of A then

• If A and B are mutually exclusive events then


Theorem -1
The probability of an impossible event is zero.
(ie) if is an null set, then
Proof
Let S be the sample space, then

Since S & are mutually exclusive event


we have
Sub in equation (1) we get,
Theorem -2
If is the complementary event of A, then

Proof
The event A & are mutually exclusive and
Problem 1

From a pack of 52 cards 1 card is drawn at random. Find


the probability of getting a Queen
Solution
Out of 52 cards 1 card is drawn at random then

Let A be the event of getting a Queen

Probability of getting Queen


Problem 2
A coin is tossed thrice. What is the chance of getting all
heads?

Solution
Let the sample space be

Let A be the event of getting all heads

Probability of getting all heads


3.What is the chance that a leap year selected at random will
contain 53 Sundays?
Solution
Let A be the event that there are 53 Sundays in a leap year. In
a leap year (which consists of 366 days), there are 52
complete weeks and 2 days over. The possible combinations
for these two days are

i) Sunday and Monday


ii) Monday and Tuesday
iii) Tuesday and Wednesday
iv) Wednesday and Thursday
v) Thursday and Friday
vi) Friday and Saturday
vii) Saturday and Sunday
3. What is the chance that a leap year selected at
random will contain 53 Sundays?
Solution

The required probability is


Additive law of probability

If A , B and C are any three events, then


⮚ P( A B) = P(A)+P(B)-P(A B)

⮚ P(A B C)= P(A)+P(B)+P (C) – P(A B) –P(A C)


-P(B C)- P(A B C)

Multiplication law of probability

If A& B are two independent events, then


P( A B) =P(A) . P(B)
Problem 1

If A and B are events such that

Solution
Problem 2
A bag contains 3 red,6 white & 7 blue balls. What is the
probability that 2 balls drawn are white and blue?

Solution

Let A be an event of choosing 1 white & 1 blue

n(A) =

Total number of balls= 3+6+7=16

Out of 16 balls there are 2 balls can be drawn in ways


Problems
Problem 3

A lot consists of 10 good ornaments, with 4 minor defects and 2


major defects,2 ornaments are chosen from the lot at random
(with replacement).Find the probability that
i)Both are good
ii) Neither is good
iii) both having major defects
iv)Atleast one is good
v) Atmost one is good
vi) Neither has a major defects
Solution
The number of ornaments =10
The number of ornaments with minor defects = 4
The number of ornaments with major defects = 2
The total number of defective ornaments = 4+2 =6
Total no of ornaments = 16

i) P( both good) =

ii)P(neither good)=P(defective) =

iii) P(both having major defects)=

iv) P(atleast one good) =P(one defective & one good

or both good)=
v)P(atmost one good) =P(one bad & one good or both
bad)

vi)P(neither has major defects) =P(1Good and one major


defective or both good or both having minor defects) =
Probability Space

Problems for practice

1. A coin is tossed thrice. What is the chance of getting all


heads?
2. What is the chance of getting two sixes in two rolling of a
single die?
3. One card is drawn from a standard pack of 52. What is the
chance that it is either a king or a queen?
4. Two dice are thrown , find the probability that
i) The number 3 is in the first dice
ii) The sum of the numbers on the face is 10 and
iii) The sum of the numbers on the faces is 15

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