Chapter 2

Induction Machine (IM)

 It is AC powered electromechanical rotating machines.

 IM can be constructed with no physical connections to the rotor

circuits.
 The rotor currents are generated because of the magnetic coupling
between the stator and rotor.
 The alternating current is supplied to the stator directly and to the
rotor by induction or transformer action from the stator. There are no
moving contacts between the stator and the rotor. 1
 An induction motor carries alternating current in both the stator and the
rotor windings.
 An induction motor is a rotating transformer in which the secondary
winding receives energy by induction while it rotates.

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 Working Principle of an Induction Motor

• The motor which works on the principle of electromagnetic induction

is known as the induction motor.

• The stator and rotor are two essential parts of the motor.

• The stator is the stationary part, and it carries the overlapping

windings while the rotor carries the main or field winding. The
windings of the stator are equally displaced from each other by an
angle of 120°.
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• When the 3-ϕ stator winding is energized from a 3-ϕ supply, a rotating
magnetic field is produced which rotates around the stator at
synchronous speed. The rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor
conductors.

• The conductors of the rotor are stationary. This stationary conductor

cut the rotating magnetic field of the stator, and because of the
electromagnetic induction, the EMF induces in the rotor. This EMF is
known as the rotor induced EMF, and it is because of the
electromagnetic induction phenomenon.
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The induction motor is the single excited motor, i.e.,
The supply is applied only to the stator.

 There are two fluxes one because of the rotor and another because of the
stator.
These fluxes interact each other. On one end of the conductor the fluxes
cancel each other, and on the other end, the density of the flux is very high.
Thus, the high-density flux tries to push the conductor of rotor towards the
low-density flux region.
This phenomenon induces the torque on the conductor, and this torque is
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• The direction of electromagnetic torque and rotating magnetic field is
same. Thus, the rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of the
rotating magnetic field.

• The speed of the rotor is always less than the rotating magnetic field or
synchronous speed.

• The rotor starts moving without any additional excitation system and
because of this reason the motor is called the self-starting motor.

• The operation of the motor depends on the voltage induced on the

rotor, and hence it is called the induction motor. 6
Explain why rotor rotates in same direction as the rotating field
and why induction motor is self-starting?

7
• This stator winding is energized from a three phase supply. But, the rotor
winding is not energized from any source.

• Rotating magnetic field is generated due to the applied 3-ϕ to the stator
winding.
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• This flux produces magnetic field and the field revolves in the air gap
between stator and rotor.

• This magnetic field induces a voltage in the rotor. This voltage drives
current through the rotor.

• The interaction of the rotating flux and the rotor current generates a
force that drives the motor and torque is developed.
 In 3-ϕ IM the power is transferred from stator to rotor winding through
Induction.
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 Construction of IM
3-phase induction motor consists of two major parts:

1. Stator
 As its name indicates stator is stationary part of IM.

 The stator of 3-ϕ induction motor is made up of numbers of slots to

construct a 3-ϕ winding circuit which we connect with 3-ϕ AC source.
 Stator winding is placed in the stator of induction motor and 3-ϕ supply
is given to it.
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 When the stator windings supplied with 3-ϕ currents, produce a magnetic
flux which is of constant magnitude but which revolves (or rotates) at
synchronous speed.
 This revolving magnetic flux induces an emf in the rotor by mutual
induction.

2. Rotor
 The rotor is a rotating part of IM.

 It is connected to the mechanical load through the shaft.

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Synchronous Speed

• The speed of the rotating magnetic field is called as synchronous speed.

120 ∗ 𝑓 Where, = Supply frequency
𝑁 𝑠= = Number of poles
𝑃
= Synchronous speed
Slip

• The difference between the stator (synchronous speed N s) and actual

speed (Nm) of the rotor (rotor speeds) is called the slip ().

• The stator magnetic field (rotating magnetic field) rotates at a speed, the
synchronous speed. 12
• At stand still which rotor does not rotate,
.
• At synchronous speed,
, s=0.

• The mechanical speed of rotor in terms of slip and synchronous speed is

• When the rotor is at stand still the frequency of the induced voltages and
currents is the same as that of the stator (supply) frequency .

• If the rotor rotates at the speed of the frequency of the induced voltages
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and currents is
Example:
A three phase, 20 hp, 208 v, 60 Hz, 6 pole wye connected induction motor
delivers 15 KW at a slip of 5%. Calculate
a) Synchronous speed
b) Rotor speed
c) Frequency of rotor current
Solution:
a)

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 IM and Transformer
 Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings produce an
induced voltage in the secondary windings
 Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings produce an
induced voltage in the rotor windings.

 The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor, the secondary
windings can move.
 Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of the IM), the
induced voltage in it does not have the same frequency of the stator (the
primary) voltage.
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• Why frequency of the stator is different to the frequency of the rotor
of induction motor?

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 Effect of Slip on the Rotor Circuit

• When the rotor is stationary, . Under these conditions, the per phase
rotor e.m.f has a frequency equal to that of supply frequency .

• At any slip , the relative speed between stator field and the rotor (slip
speed) is decreased.
 Consequently, the rotor e.m.f and frequency are reduced proportionally to
and respectively.

• At the same time, per phase rotor reactance , being frequency

dependent, is reduced to . 17
Thus at any slip ,

At Standstill, Nm = 0 At slip s Nm = Ns (1-s)

Rotor EMF

Rotor frequency,

Rotor reactance

= Induced EMF in stator, = Induced EMF in rotor at standstill,

f = Supply frequency, X2 = Rotor reactance at standstill

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Note that:

• The rotor e.m.f/phase and the rotor reactance/phase are respectively.

• The rotor resistance/phase is (not depend on the frequency) therefore, it

does not depend upon the slip. Likewise stator winding values and do
not depend upon the slip.
 Since the motor represents a balanced 3-ϕ load, we need consider one
phase only; the condition in the other two phases being similar.

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 𝑍 2=√ 𝑅 + 𝑋
2
2
2
2
At standstill.
Rotor current/phase,
Rotor power factor (p.f.),

When running at slip

Rotor current,
Rotor p.f.,

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Rotor Torque
• The torque developed by the rotor is directly proportional to the product
of:
1. rotor current
2. rotor e.m.f.
3. power factor of the rotor circuit
𝑇 ∝ 𝐸2 𝐼 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 2 ⇒ 𝑇 ¿ 𝐾𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 2

Where = rotor current at standstill,

rotor e.m.f. at stand still
rotor p.f at standstill and
= Angle between and
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Starting Torque ()

• The torque developed at the instant of starting of a motor is called as

starting torque.

• Starting torque is the torque produced by induction motor when it starts.

• Starting torque may be greater than running torque in some cases, or it

may be lesser.
 We know that at the start the rotor speed, is zero.

 So, the equation of starting torque is easily obtained by simply putting

the value of in the equation of torque of the induction motor.
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• The starting torque is also known as standstill torque and given by:

Where
= synchronous speed in rps

2
3 𝐸2 𝑅2
𝑇 𝑠= . 2
2 𝜋 𝑁 𝑠 𝑅 2+ 𝑋 22

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 Conditions for maximum starting Torque

• To get the maximum value of the starting torque, take a derivative for it
w.r.t R2 and equating the result with zero.
……….(i) Where

• Differentiating eq. (i) w.r.t and equating the result to zero, we get,
𝑑𝑇 𝑠
𝑑 𝑅2
=𝐾 1
[2
1
2
−
𝑅2 ( 2 𝑅2 )
2 2
𝑅 2+ 𝑋 2 ( 𝑅 2+ 𝑋 2 )
2
=0
]
𝑅 22+ 𝑋 22 =2 𝑅22

𝑅 2= 𝑋 2 24
• Starting torque will be maximum when rotor resistance is equal to
standstill rotor reactance.

• Hence the starting torque will be maximum when:

Rotor resistance = standstill rotor reactance

𝐾1
𝑇 𝑠 (𝑚𝑎𝑥 )=
2 𝑅2

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 Torque under Running Conditions
2 2
3 𝑠 𝐸 2 𝑅2 3 𝑠 𝐸2 𝑅2
𝑇 𝑟= . 2 = .
2 𝜋 𝑁 𝑠 𝑅 2+ ( 𝑠 𝑋 2) 2 2 𝜋 𝑁 𝑠 ( 𝑍 ′ ) 2
2

I2 R2
Rotor current at a speed of N rpm or at a slip of s is
sE2 sX2 𝑆 𝐸2
𝐼 2= … … … … .(1)
√ 𝑅 +( 𝑆 𝑋
2
2 2
2
)

Rotor pf at a speed of N rpm or at a slip of s is

The torque developed is proportional to power transferred to rotor circuit

…. (3)
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 2
𝑘 𝑠 𝐸 2 𝑅2
𝑇 𝑟 = 2 2
𝑅 2 +( 𝑠 𝑋 2 )

Running torque is:

 Directly proportional to slip i.e., if slip increases (i.e., motor

speed decreases), the torque will increase and vice-versa.
 Directly proportional to square of supply voltage.

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 Maximum Torque under Running Conditions

Where

• To find maximum torque under running condition, differentiate w.r.t.

and equate the result to zero.

• Slip corresponding to maximum torque is,

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 Torque speed characteristics
Tmax
Torque developed is
Td
Tst

0 N Ns
1 s 0 For normal speeds:
The rotor runs nearer to synchronous speed, slip is
small,
In the denominator, >> (sX2)2
At Low Speed and Starting:
Slip, s is nearer to unity, << (sX2)2

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 Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motors

• The speed Nm of an induction motor can be varied by

changing:
 Supply frequency
 Number of poles on the stator and
 Slip . 30
 Power Stages in Induction Motor
• Power supplied to the stator,
V1 = Phase voltage, I1 = Phase Current
• In terms of line parameters,

Losses in stator
1. Stator Cu. Loss:
 The current I1 depends on mechanical load applied

2. Stator core loss

 Depends on voltage and frequency, and constant

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• The power transferred to the rotor,

 Rotor Cu. Loss:

• The torque developed in induction motor,

• The torque at the shaft,

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 Power flow in induction motor

Power flow diagram

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 Power relations




 )

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 rps ……(1)

rps

……(2)

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Example 1:

A 480V, 60Hz, 50hp, 3-phase induction motor is drawing 60A at 0.85 PF

lagging. The stator copper losses are 2kW, and the rotor copper losses are
700W. The friction and windage losses are 600W, the core losses are
1800W, and the stray losses are negligible. Find:

a) The air gap power PAG

b) The power converted

c) The output power Pout

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d) The efficiency of the motor
Solution:
The input power
a) =42.4-2-1.8=38.6Kw

This is the same as

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Example 2:
A three-phase, two-pole, 60-Hz induction motor is observed to be operating
at a speed of 3502 rpm with an input power of 15.7 kW and a terminal current
of 22.6 A. The stator- winding resistance is 0.20 Ω/phase. Calculate the I 2R
power dissipated in rotor.

Solution:
The stator cupper loss:

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Example 3:

A 3- Ф, 4-pole, 400 V, 50 Hz, star connected induction motor develops shaft

power output of 30.39 kW at 1455 rpm. Friction and windage losses are 1.2
kW, power factor is 0.85 and stator losses total 2 kW. Calculate, Rotor Cu.
Loss, Efficiency, and Input current.
Solution:
Shaft power output, Pout = 30.39 kW
Mechanical power output, Pm= Pconv = Pout + F&W loss = 31.59 kW

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The slip of the motor, = = 0.03

The rotor input, = 32.567 kW

The stator input,

The stator input, = 34.567 kW

The stator line current, IL1 = A 40

Example 4:
A 4 pole, 50 Hz, 1425rpm, 3-phase induction motor has a voltage of 520V
between two slip rings on open circuit. The Υ connected rotor has
standstill impedance of (0.4 + j2) Ω/phase. Determine
a) Full load torque
b) and corresponding speed
Solution

k= ns: Synchronous speed in rps = Ns/60

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E2: Rotor induced EMF/phase at standstill R2: Rotor resistance
X2: Rotor standstill reactance : Slip at full load

The voltage between the slip rings is the line voltage in the rotor circuit.
Per phase induced EMF at standstill, E2 =

Ns ==1500 rpm. k= 0.0191

Slip at full load, ==0.05

Torque at full load,

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The maximum torque,

The slip at maximum torque,

The speed at maximum torque,

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Methods of Starting 3-Phase Induction Motors (No more than 5 pages)
• Direct-on-line starting
• Stator resistance starting
• Autotransformer starting
• Star-delta starting
• Rotor resistance starting

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Thank you!
Any
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