NETWORKING

FUNDAMENTALS
WHAT IS A NETWORK?
1.to join (things, such as
computers) in a network
2:a system of computers
connected by communications lines
3:a group of connected radio or
television stations
COMPUTER NETWORKING
net·work: [net-wurk] – a system
containing any combination of
computers, computer terminals,
printers, audio or visual display
devices, or telephones
interconnected by
telecommunication equipment or
cables: used to transmit or
receive information.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
A network of computers that are
in the same physical location,
such as home or building
Usually connected using Ethernet
A standard on how computers
communicate over a shared
media (cable)
LAN
 Old: BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) connector for coaxial cable

New: RJ45 for twisted pair cable

LAN
METROPOLITAN NETWORK
- MAN is used to combine into a network
group located in different buildings into a
single network. The diameter of such a
network can range from 5 to 50
kilometers.
- The communication infrastructures that
have been developed in and around large
cities.
MAN
 WIDE AREA
NETWORK
- A connection of MAN that exceeds 50kms
- A network that connects two or more
local-area networks over a potentially
large geographic distance
- Communication between networks is
called internetworking.

- The Internet, as we know it today, is

essentially the ultimate wide-area
network, spanning the entire globe.
WAN
OTHERS
 TYPES OF NETWORK MODELS
1. The CLIENT-SERVER Model
- The model consists of one or
more servers that provides
services/applications or resources
to one or more individual
computers called clients. The
client and server communicates
using a computer network.
 SERVER
a SERVER is a computer providing one
or more services(printing, file , data
and information sharing, email, and
other applications) to serve other
computers and devices. A SERVER
machine runs the different programs or
applications and services which share
their resources with clients.
A CLIENT does not share any of its
resources but requests a server’s
CLIENT
 A CLIENT is a computer or device that is
requesting a service or resources from a
server. The client computer sends the
request to the server machine.
P2P
PEER-TO-PEER MODEL
-consists of two or more connected
computers sharing similar
capabilities,
Services and resources.
-Files can be shared directly between
systems on the network without the
need of a central server.
e.g limewire, kazaa
P2P
 The only requirements for a computer to join a peer-to-peer network are an
Internet connection and P2P software. Common P2P software programs
include Kazaa, Limewire, BearShare, Morpheus, and Acquisition. These
programs connect to a P2P network, such as "Gnutella," which allows the
computer to access thousands of other systems on the network.
P2P
 Once connected to the network, P2P software allows you to search for files
on other people's computers. Meanwhile, other users on the network can
search for files on your computer, but typically only within a single folder
that you have designated to share. While P2P networking makes file
sharing easy and convenient, is also has led to a lot of software piracy and
illegal music downloads. Therefore, it is best to be on the safe side and
only download software and music from legitimate websites.
WHAT IS TOPOLOGY?
 TOPOLOGY
It is a representation or
structure of a network
that deals with different
types of connectivity
It is the physical and
logical design of a
network.
 TYPES OF TOPOLOGY
POINT-TO-POINT TOPOLOGY
-the simplest topology consisting
of two connected computers.
This is the simplest and the
earliest type of topology that links
two end points.
POINT TO POINT
BUS TOPOLOGY
A configuration for a LAN in
which all nodes are connected
to a main communications line.
BUS TOPOLOGY
The BUS TOPOLOGY uses a
common cable to connect all the
computers.

- A computer wanting to
communicate with another
computer on the network sends
 RING TOPOLOGY
A local area network in which devices
are connected in a closed loop or ring.
In a ring network, packets of data travel
from one device to the next until they
reach their destination. Most ring
topologies allow packets to travel only in
one direction, called
a unidirectional ring network. Others
permit data to move in either direction,
called bidirectional.
RING TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY

Alternatively
referred to as
a star network.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
The central network device acts as
a server and the peripheral
devices act as clients.
A local area network in which each
device(node) is connected to a
central computer in a star-shaped
configuration; commonly, a
STAR TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
Uses a central device such as a hub,
switch, or a router to connect a
computer/ computer to the network.
All communications requests are
transmitted through the central
device before reaching the intended
target computer.
ADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY

 Centralized management of the network, through the use of the central

computer, hub, or switch.
 Easy to add another computer to the network.
 If one computer on the network fails, the rest of the network continues to
function normally.
 STAR-BUS HYBRID
TECHNOLOGY
When two hubs of different
topologies are joined so that
the devices attached to them
can communicate as in figure,
it is called a Star-Bus network.
STAR BUS TOPOLOGY
 STAR BUS HYBRID
TOPOLOGY
When a computer on a typical star
bus sends a message, it travels to the
hub. If the hub is an active hub, it
regenerates the signal and then sends
it out via all ports to the rest of the
computers on the network. If the hub
is a switching hub, it sends the
message out via only the port to
which the destination computer is
 MESH TOPOLOGY
Each computer includes everything it
needs to serve as a relay point for
sending information to any other
computer on the network.
In a mesh topology, every device in
the network is physically connected
to every other device in the network.
ADVANTAGES OF A MESH TOPOLOGY

Can handle high amounts of

traffic, because multiple devices
can transmit data simultaneously.
A failure of one device does not
cause a break in the network or
transmission of data.
NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES
 Node – (latin nodus, ‘knot’)

any device that is connected

to a network; usually, this
means a PC, but other
devices, such as printers,
can also be nodes.
 COMMUNICATION MEDIA
-How nodes are linked

e.g CABLES
FIBER OPTIC
RADIO WAVES
 Workstation – simply as a regular home computer

 Host – It gives data

 Protocol – It is how data is formatted, transmitted, and received

 Network Interface Card – allows the computer to connect to the network
 E.g
 Network Interface Card: Network adapter is a device that enables a
computer to talk with other computer/network.
 Using unique hardware addresses (MAC address) encoded on the card
chip, the data-link protocol employs these addresses to discover other
systems on the network so that it can transfer data to the right
destination.
ISP
INTERNET SERVICE
PROVIDER
 - Company that sells access to the internet, allowing users to send e-mail
and browse WWW(World Wide Web), among other tasks.
 ISP
 The World is an Internet service provider originally headquartered in
Brookline, Massachusetts. It was the first commercial ISP in the world, with
its first customer logging on in November 1989.
 the World is operated by Software Tool & Die. The site and services were initially hosted
solely under the domain name world.std.com which continues to function to this day.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERNET
CONNECTIONS
 Dial-Up (Analog 56Kbps).

-A modem (internal or external) connects to the Internet after the computer dials a
phone number. This analog signal is converted to digital via the modem and sent
over a land-line serviced by a public telephone network.

-WINDOWS 95/98
 BROADBAND
 one that handles a wide band of frequencies.

 wide bandwidth data transmission which transports multiple signals and

traffic types.

 The medium can be coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio or twisted pair.
DSL.
 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE
-an internet connection that is
always “on”. DSL uses a router to
transport data and the range of
connection speed, depending on
the service offered, is between
128K to 8 Mbps.
 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) – Used primarily by
residential customers, ADSL allows faster downstream data transmission
over the same line used to provide voice service, without disrupting
regular telephone calls on that line.
 Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) – Used typically by
businesses for services such as video conferencing, which need significant
bandwidth both upstream and downstream.
 CABLE
 a form of broadband Internet access which uses the same infrastructure
as a cable television.

 Cable provides an internet connection through a cable modem and

operates over cable TV lines.

 Cable speeds range from 512K to 20 Mbps.

 FIBER/FIBER OPTIC
 The newest broadband service is fiber-optic, which is the fastest Internet
connection thus far.

 You might think of your Internet connection as the pipe that connects you
to your water service. Less water can flow through a narrow, older pipe
than through a broad, brand new pipe. Fiber-optic is the biggest
digital pipe that technology has come up with so far.
 Standard ADSL broadband is restricted to 24Mbps but fiber connections
can provide customers with lightning-fast speeds presently reaching
100Mbps.
WIRELESS BROADBAND
WIRELESS BROADBAND
 Wireless broadband is used to provide both fixed and mobile Internet
access

 Wireless, or Wi-Fi, as the name suggests, does not use telephone lines or
cables to connect to the internet.

 IEEE 802.11ac - supercharged version of 802.11n.

 How does Wi-Fi work?
 A Wi-Fi network uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit information across
a LAN, the reach of which can be extended by a Wi-Fi range extender. A
computer utilizes a wireless adapter to translate data transmitted by radio
waves. These waves are different from those emitted by, for example, FM
radios, for which frequency is measured in megahertz (MHz). Wi-Fi's
signals are transmitted in frequencies of between 2.5 and 5 gigahertz
(GHz). This signal is then transmitted from the adapter through a router,
after which it is sent to the internet.
MOBILE BROADBAND
MOBILE BROADBAND
 Is the marketing term for wireless Internet access through a
portable modem, USB wireless modem, tablet/smartphone or other mobile
device.
 1G refers to the first generation of wireless cellular technology (mobile
telecommunications). These are the analog telecommunications standards
that were introduced in the 1980s
 The main difference between the two mobile cellular systems (1G and 2G),
is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are analog, while 2G
networks are digital.
2G
 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the
services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multi media
messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient
security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are
digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in
such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
ACRONYMS
 GSM -Global System for Mobile Communications
 CSD – CIRCUID SWITCH DATA
 CDPD - Cellular Digital Packet Data
 GSM-GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) 2.5G
 GSM-EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)2.75G
MOBILE NETWORKS
BREAKDOWN
 1G – voice signal only
 2G- Voice and data signals
 2.5G” using GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
 2.75 – EDGE is an abbreviation for Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution. EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM. It allows the
clear and fast transmission of data and information up to 384kbit/s speed.
 3G – Voice, Data and Video signals
 4G- High Speed
 In Summary
Symbol Name Generation Download Speeds UK Date
G GPRS 2G 0.1 Mb/s 2000
E EDGE 2.5G 0.4 Mb/s 2006
3G 3G 3G 2 Mb/s 2003
H HSDPA 3.5G 7.2 Mb/s 2006
H+ HSDPA+ 3.75G 21 Mb/s 2011
LTE LTE / 4G 4G 100 Mb/s 2013
 SATELLITE
 Satellite accesses the internet via a satellite in Earth’s orbit. The
enormous distance that a signal travels from earth to satellite and back
again, provides a delayed connection compared to cable and DSL.
Satellite connection speeds are around 512K to 2.0 Mbps.
 ROUTER
 Is an intermediary device that connects to a LAN to a larger LAN or WAN
 HUB
 Passive, repeating any inputs to all computers

 A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network.

 When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all
segments of the LAN can see all packets.
 Logically it works Like BUS Topology But Look like STAR Topology.
HUB
 Hub is a device that splits a network connection into multiple computers. It
is like a distribution center.
 When a computer request information from a network or a specific
computer, it sends the request to the hub through a cable.
 The hub will receive the request and transmit it to the entire network. Each
computer in the network should then figure out whether the broadcast
data is for them or not.
 SWITCH
 A switch is used to connect various network segments. A network switch is
a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one
local area network.

 Selectively switching inputs to specific destination computers.

 Just as in hub, devices in switches are connected to them through twisted

pair cabling.
DIFFERENCE
HUB SWITCH

Layer Physical layer. Hubs are Data Link

classified as Layer 1 Layer.
devices per the OSI Network
model. switches
operate at
Layer 2 of
the OSI
model.
 Ports 4/12 ports Switch is multi port
Bridge. 24/48 ports
Device Type Passive Device Active Device (With
(Without Software) Software) &
Networking device
OTHER NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES
 GATEWAY
 - An entry point to a computer network.

 In ENTERPRISES, the gateway is the computer that routes the traffic from
a workstation to the outside network that is serving the Web pages. In
homes, the gateway is the ISP that connects the user to the internet.
 The Gateway controls traffic that travels from the inside network to the
Internet and provides security from traffic that wants to enter the inside
network from the Internet.
 In the image above the Gateway IP Address would be
192.168.5.222, using the example addresses from
above. This gateway could be a router that would
have two network connections, one to the internal
network and one to the Internet. The IP Address of
the workstations and web server would need to be
addresses on the 192.168.5.0 network to connect to
the gateway. Notice that the workstations and server
all connect to a hub/switch before they connect to
the gateway since the gateway will probably have
only one connection.
 When you add a computer to your home network
that needs access to the Internet, one of the required
settings is the Gateway. Your computer needs to
know how to get to the Internet, thus the Gateway.
is aNETWORK
- TRAFFIC
term used to describe all data communications
on a computer or computer network at a given point.

During high traffic periods a computer or

-

computer network may slow down and become

congested if not adequate for the load. In some
cases, too much traffic may prevent a computer
or network device from operating.
FIREWALL
FIREWALL – Keeps
external users from
accessing resources on
the LAN while letting LAN
users access the external
information.
FIREWALL
 FIREWALL
Is a network security
system that monitors
and controls incoming
and outgoing
network traffic based on
predetermined security
GUFW IS A FIREWALL POWERED
BY UFW (UNCOMPLICATED FIREWALL)