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Module 3.1 Introduction

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8 views

Module 3.1 Introduction

Uploaded by

harshnagrani009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Network Layer

Module 3
Introduction
Network layer Services:
• Packetizing
• Routing and Forwarding
• Provide Services to upper layers.
• Other Features:
• Error Control, Flow Control, Congestion Control, QoS and
Security

Characteristics of IP:
• Connectionless
• Best Effort
Communication at Network Layer
IPv4 Address
• IPv4 is 32 bit long

Address Space
• IPv4 is 32 bit long
• Total Addresses available are
232 i.e. 42,94,96,296

Note: If a protocol uses N bits to define an address, the address space is 2 N because
each bit can have two different values (0 and 1) and N bits can have 2N values.
Dotted-Decimal Notation

Hexadecimal Notation
Classful Addressing
• In classful addressing, the address space is divided
into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E.
Finding the class in binary
notation
Finding the address class
Finding the class in decimal
notation

Note:
The range of addresses allocated to an organization in classful addressing was a block of
addresses in Class A, B, or C.
Net-ID and Host-ID
Blocks in class A

Note: Millions of class A addresses are wasted


Blocks in class B

Note: Many class B addresses are wasted.


Blocks in class C

Note: The number of addresses in a class C block is smaller than the needs of most organizations.
Blocks in class D and E

• Class D addresses are used for multicasting; there is only


one block in this class.

• In classful addressing, the network address (the first


address in the block) is the one that is assigned to the
organization.
Mask

• A mask is a 32-bit binary number that gives the first address


in the block (the network address) when bitwise ANDed
with an address in the block.
Mask

• The network address is the beginning address of each block.


• It can be found by applying the default mask to any of the
addresses in the block (including itself).
• It retains the net-id of the block and sets the host-id to zero.
Example
An address in a block is given as 73.22.17.25. Find the number of
addresses in the block, the first address, and the last address.

Solution:
• Figure shows a possible configuration of the network that uses this
block.
• The number of addresses in this block is N = 232−n =16,777,216.
• To find the first address, we keep the leftmost 8 bits and set the
rightmost 24 bits all to 0s. The first address is 73.0.0.0/8, in which 8 is
the value of n.
• To find the last address, we keep the leftmost 8 bits and set the
rightmost 24 bits all to 1s. The last address is 73.255.255.255.
Example
Solution:
• The number of addresses in this block is N = 232−n = 16,777,216.
• To find the first address, we keep the leftmost 8 bits and set the rightmost 24
bits all to 0s. The first address is 73.0.0.0/8, in which 8 is the value of n.
• To find the last address, we keep the leftmost 8 bits and set the rightmost 24 bits
all to 1s. The last address is 73.255.255.255.
Note:
We must not apply the default mask of
one class to an address belonging
to another class.
Example of direct
broadcast address
Example of limited
broadcast address
Example of “this” host on
“this” address
Example of specific host on
“this” network
Example of loopback address
Private Addresses

A number of blocks in each class are assigned for private use.


They are not recognized globally.
Network addresses
Network addresses

The network address is the first address.

The network address defines the network to the rest of the


Internet.
Given the network address, we can find the class of the
address, the block, and the range of the addresses in the block
Network addresses
Sample internet

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